[ { "Topic_ID": "1", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Relevant_docs": [ { "Doc_id": "4dtk1kyh", "Title": "Origin of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Computational Biology Study using Artificial Intelligence", "Abstract": "Origin of the COVID-19 virus has been intensely debated in the scientific community since the first infected cases were detected in December 2019. The disease has caused a global pandemic, leading to deaths of thousands of people across the world and thus finding origin of this novel coronavirus is important in responding and controlling the pandemic. Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences. This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus. More than 300 genome sequences of COVID-19 infected cases collected from different countries are explored and analysed using unsupervised clustering methods. The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes. This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "NR" } ] }, { "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "NR" } ] }, { "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "NR" } ] }, { "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "NR" } ] } ], "Journal": "bioRxiv", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-07-01", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.05.12.091397", "Rel_score": "-0.0018105795606970787" }, { "Doc_id": "k9lcpjyo", "Title": "Possibility of transmission through dogs being a contributing factor to the extreme Covid-19 outbreak in North Italy", "Abstract": "Covid19 origin and transmission to humans. Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019. Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4). Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission. However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "NR" } ] }, { "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "NR" } ] }, { "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "NR" } ] }, { "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "NR" } ] } ], "Journal": "Mol Med Rep", "pmcid": "PMC7185154", "pubmed_id": "32236594", "publish_time": "2020-03-23", "DOI": "10.3892/mmr.2020.11037", "Rel_score": "-0.0021822466515004635" }, { "Doc_id": "pu9l36j9", "Title": "COVID19 is a challenge for dental educationA commentary", "Abstract": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically. In this commentary, authors described this new challenge for dental education using the recent literature and experience gained in the Italian University of Catanzaro.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "NR" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Eur J Dent Educ", "pmcid": "PMC7323383", "pubmed_id": "32542796", "publish_time": "2020-06-28", "DOI": "10.1111/eje.12555", "Rel_score": "-0.0022094857413321733" }, { "Doc_id": "bn7hsuv9", "Title": "[Editorial] Possibility of transmission through dogs being a contributing factor to the extreme Covid19 outbreak in North Italy", "Abstract": "Covid19 origin and transmission to humans. Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019. Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4). Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission. However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Mol Med Rep", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0022169791627675295" }, { "Doc_id": "jwxt4ygt", "Title": "[Editorial] Possibility of transmission through dogs being a contributing factor to the extreme Covid19 outbreak in North Italy", "Abstract": "Covid19 origin and transmission to humans. Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019. Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4). Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission. However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Mol Med Rep", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0022169791627675295" }, { "Doc_id": "nvofyg16", "Title": "Covid-19 in South Korea.", "Abstract": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic. While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. As of 31 March 2020, a total of 9786 confirmed cases with covid-19 have been reported in South Korea. South Korea has the highest diagnostic rate for covid-19, which has been the major contributor in overcoming this outbreak. We are trying to reduce the reproduction number of covid-19 to less than one and eventually succeed in controlling this outbreak using methods such as contact tracing, quarantine, testing, isolation, social distancing and school closure. This report aimed to describe the current situation of covid-19 in South Korea and our response to this outbreak.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Postgraduate medical journal", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "32366457", "publish_time": "2020-05-04", "DOI": "10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137738", "Rel_score": "-0.0022756175603717566" }, { "Doc_id": "m4y8tf6u", "Title": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives", "Abstract": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China, and has spread quickly to 72 countries to date. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [previously provisionally known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]. At present, the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 has caused a large number of deaths with tens of thousands of confirmed cases worldwide, posing a serious threat to public health. However, there are no clinically approved vaccines or specific therapeutic drugs available for COVID-19. Intensive research on the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 is urgently needed to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms and epidemiological characteristics and to identify potential drug targets, which will contribute to the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Hence, this review will focus on recent progress regarding the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the characteristics of COVID-19, such as the aetiology, pathogenesis and epidemiological characteristics.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "NR" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "NR" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Int J Antimicrob Agents", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.00233056559227407" }, { "Doc_id": "ov3r7izq", "Title": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives", "Abstract": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China, and has spread quickly to 72 countries to date. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [previously provisionally known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]. At present, the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 has caused a large number of deaths with tens of thousands of confirmed cases worldwide, posing a serious threat to public health. However, there are no clinically approved vaccines or specific therapeutic drugs available for COVID-19. Intensive research on the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 is urgently needed to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms and epidemiological characteristics and to identify potential drug targets, which will contribute to the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Hence, this review will focus on recent progress regarding the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the characteristics of COVID-19, such as the aetiology, pathogenesis and epidemiological characteristics.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Int J Antimicrob Agents", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.00233056559227407" }, { "Doc_id": "jbtrdvhe", "Title": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives", "Abstract": "ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China, and has spread quickly to 72 countries to date. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [previously provisionally known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]. At present, the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 has caused a large number of deaths with tens of thousands of confirmed cases worldwide, posing a serious threat to public health. However, there are no clinically approved vaccines or specific therapeutic drugs available for COVID-19. Intensive research on the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 is urgently needed to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms and epidemiological characteristics and to identify potential drug targets, which will contribute to the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Hence, this review will focus on recent progress regarding the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the characteristics of COVID-19, such as the aetiology, pathogenesis and epidemiological characteristics.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Int J Antimicrob Agents", "pmcid": "PMC7139247", "pubmed_id": "32234466", "publish_time": "2020-03-29", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951", "Rel_score": "-0.0024474686942994595" }, { "Doc_id": "wmfcey6f", "Title": "Tracking the origin of early COVID-19 cases in Canada", "Abstract": "Abstract The original coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China has become a global pandemic. By tracking the earliest 118 COVID-19 cases in Canada, we produced a Voronoi treemap to show the travel origins of the countrys earliest COVID-19 cases. By March 11, 2020, even though the majority (64.1%) of the worlds COVID-19 confirmed cases still had their origin in China, only 7.6% of Canadas first 118 COVID-19 cases arose due in travelers to China. The most commonly reported travel history among the 118 cases originated from the Middle East, the United States, and Europe. Thus, in retrospect, broadening of early screening tools and travel restrictions to countries and regions outside China may help control global COVID-19 spread.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "OVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China - and not naturally in wildlife", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "label": "" }, { "claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Int J Infect Dis", "pmcid": "PMC7231484", "pubmed_id": "32425633", "publish_time": "2020-05-17", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.046", "Rel_score": "-0.0024498470593243837" } ] }, { "Topic_ID": "2", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Relevant_docs": [ { "Doc_id": "ksu2gjyb", "Title": "Assessing the relationship between ground levels of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with coronavirus (COVID-19) in Milan, Italy", "Abstract": "This paper investigates the correlation between the high level of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection accelerated transmission and lethality, and surface air pollution in Milan metropolitan area, Lombardy region in Italy. For January-April 2020 period, time series of daily average inhalable gaseous pollutants ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), together climate variables (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation rate, atmospheric pressure field and Planetary Boundary Layer) were analyzed. In spite of being considered primarily transmitted by indoor bioaerosols droplets and infected surfaces or direct human-to-human personal contacts, it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates. Viral genome contains distinctive features, including a unique N-terminal fragment within the spike protein, which allows coronavirus attachment on ambient air pollutants. At this moment it is not clear if through airborne diffusion, in the presence of outdoor and indoor aerosols, this protein \"spike\" of the new COVID-19 is involved in the infectious agent transmission from a reservoir to a susceptible host during the highest nosocomial outbreak in some agglomerated industrialized urban areas like Milan is. Also, in spite of collected data for cold season (winter-early spring) period, when usually ozone levels have lower values than in summer, the findings of this study support possibility as O3 can acts as a COVID-19 virus incubator. Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Sci Total Environ", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.003850903594866395" }, { "Doc_id": "w7ycc07b", "Title": "Does weather affect the growth rate of COVID-19, a study to comprehend transmission dynamics on human health", "Abstract": "Abstract The undefendable outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) lead to a global health emergency due to its higher transmission rate and longer symptomatic duration, created a health surge in a short time. Since Nov 2019 the outbreak in China, the virus is spreading exponentially everywhere. The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth. Gutenberg- Richter's relationship is used to estimate the mean daily rate of exceedance of confirmed cases concerning the change in temperature. Indeed, temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Journal of Safety Science and Resilience", "pmcid": "PMC7321777", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-06-29", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jnlssr.2020.06.004", "Rel_score": "-0.003911583684384823" }, { "Doc_id": "526elsrf", "Title": "Weather Conditions and COVID-19 Transmission: Estimates and Projections", "Abstract": "Background: Understanding and projecting the spread of COVID-19 requires reliable estimates of how weather components are associated with the transmission of the virus. Prior research on this topic has been inconclusive. Identifying key challenges to reliable estimation of weather impact on transmission we study this question using one of the largest assembled databases of COVID-19 infections and weather. Methods: We assemble a dataset that includes virus transmission and weather data across 3,739 locations from December 12, 2019 to April 22, 2020. Using simulation, we identify key challenges to reliable estimation of weather impacts on transmission, design a statistical method to overcome these challenges, and validate it in a blinded simulation study. Using this method and controlling for location-specific response trends we estimate how different weather variables are associated with the reproduction number for COVID-19. We then use the estimates to project the relative weather-related risk of COVID-19 transmission across the world and in large cities. Results: We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date. Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees. Moreover, one millibar of additional pressure increases [R] by approximately 0.8 percent (95% CI, 0.6% to 1%) at the median pressure (1016 millibars) in our sample. We also find significant positive effects for wind speed, precipitation, and diurnal temperature on [R]. Sensitivity analysis and simulations show that results are robust to multiple assumptions. Despite conservative estimates, weather effects are associated with a 43% change in [R] between the 5th and 95th percentile of weather conditions in our sample. Conclusions: These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-05-08", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.05.05.20092627", "Rel_score": "-0.004062258172780275" }, { "Doc_id": "r1yjphnn", "Title": "Does weather affect the growth rate of COVID-19, a study to comprehend transmission dynamics on human health", "Abstract": "The undefendable outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) lead to a global health emergency due to its higher transmission rate and longer symptomatic duration, created a health surge in a short time. Since Nov 2019 the outbreak in China, the virus is spreading exponentially everywhere. The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth. Gutenberg- Richter's relationship is used to estimate the mean daily rate of exceedance of confirmed cases concerning the change in temperature. Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-05-05", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.04.29.20085795", "Rel_score": "-0.004088615067303181" }, { "Doc_id": "o6q2rkv7", "Title": "Effects of meteorological conditions and air pollution on COVID-19 transmission: Evidence from 219 Chinese cities.", "Abstract": "The spatial distribution of the COVID-19 infection in China cannot be explained solely by geographical distance and regulatory stringency. In this research we investigate how meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission. We also found that air pollution indicators are positively correlated with new confirmed cases, and the coronavirus further spreads by 5-7% as the AQI increases by 10 units. Further analysis based on regional divisions revealed that in northern China the negative effects of rising temperature on COVID-19 is counteracted by aggravated air pollution. In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases. These results provide implications for the control and prevention of this disease and for the anticipation of another possible pandemic.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can NOT Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "in northern China the negative effects of rising temperature on COVID-19 is counteracted by aggravated air pollution", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "BMC Infect Dis", "pmcid": "PMC6362578", "pubmed_id": "30717685", "publish_time": "2019-02-04", "DOI": "10.1186/s12879-019-3729-5", "Rel_score": "-0.005639831535518169" }, { "Doc_id": "4ry9b68l", "Title": "On the global trends and spread of the COVID-19 outbreak: preliminary assessment of the potential relation between location-specific temperature and UV index", "Abstract": "The novel coronavirus, since its first outbreak in December, has, up till now, affected approximately 114,542 people across 115 countries. Many international agencies are devoting efforts to enhance the understanding of the evolving COVID-19 outbreak on an international level, its influences, and preparedness. At present, COVID-19 appears to affect individuals through person-to-person means, like other commonly found cold or influenza viruses. It is widely known and acknowledged that viruses causing influenza peak during cold temperatures and gradually subside in the warmer temperature, owing to their seasonality. Thus, COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring. Despite these speculations, however, the systematic analysis in the global perspective of the relation between COVID-19 spread and meteorological parameters is unavailable. Here, by analyzing the region- and city-specific affected global data and corresponding meteorological parameters, we show that there is an optimum range of temperature and UV index strongly affecting the spread and survival of the virus, whereas precipitation, relative humidity, cloud cover, etc. have no effect on the virus. Unavailability of pharmaceutical interventions would require greater preparedness and alert for the effective control of COVID-19. Under these conditions, the information provided here could be very helpful for the global community struggling to fight this global crisis. It is, however, important to note that the information presented here clearly lacks any physiological evidences, which may merit further investigation. Thus, any attempt for management, implementation, and evaluation strategies responding to the crisis arising due to the COVID-19 outbreak must not consider the evaluation presented here as the foremost factor.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "there is an optimum range of temperature and UV index strongly affecting the spread and survival of the virus, whereas precipitation, relative humidity, cloud cover, etc. have no effect on the virus.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Z Gesundh Wiss", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0058451201766729355" }, { "Doc_id": "o0iqeab6", "Title": "On the global trends and spread of the COVID-19 outbreak: preliminary assessment of the potential relation between location-specific temperature and UV index", "Abstract": "The novel coronavirus, since its first outbreak in December, has, up till now, affected approximately 114,542 people across 115 countries. Many international agencies are devoting efforts to enhance the understanding of the evolving COVID-19 outbreak on an international level, its influences, and preparedness. At present, COVID-19 appears to affect individuals through person-to-person means, like other commonly found cold or influenza viruses. It is widely known and acknowledged that viruses causing influenza peak during cold temperatures and gradually subside in the warmer temperature, owing to their seasonality. Thus, COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring. Despite these speculations, however, the systematic analysis in the global perspective of the relation between COVID-19 spread and meteorological parameters is unavailable. Here, by analyzing the region- and city-specific affected global data and corresponding meteorological parameters, we show that there is an optimum range of temperature and UV index strongly affecting the spread and survival of the virus, whereas precipitation, relative humidity, cloud cover, etc. have no effect on the virus. Unavailability of pharmaceutical interventions would require greater preparedness and alert for the effective control of COVID-19. Under these conditions, the information provided here could be very helpful for the global community struggling to fight this global crisis. It is, however, important to note that the information presented here clearly lacks any physiological evidences, which may merit further investigation. Thus, any attempt for management, implementation, and evaluation strategies responding to the crisis arising due to the COVID-19 outbreak must not consider the evaluation presented here as the foremost factor.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Z Gesundh Wiss", "pmcid": "PMC7180684", "pubmed_id": "32337151", "publish_time": "2020-04-24", "DOI": "10.1007/s10389-020-01279-y", "Rel_score": "-0.0058451201766729355" }, { "Doc_id": "147yc66p", "Title": "Temperature significantly changes COVID-19 transmission in (sub)tropical cities of Brazil", "Abstract": "Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become a severe public health issue. The novelty of the virus prompts a search for understanding of how ecological factors affect the transmission and survival of the virus. Several studies have robustly identified a relationship between temperature and the number of cases. However, there is no specific study for a tropical climate such as Brazil. This work aims to determine the relationship of temperature to COVID-19 infection for the state capital cities of Brazil. Cumulative data with the daily number of confirmed cases was collected from February 27 to April 1, 2020, for all 27 state capital cities of Brazil affected by COVID-19. A generalized additive model (GAM) was applied to explore the linear and nonlinear relationship between annual average temperature compensation and confirmed cases. Also, a polynomial linear regression model was proposed to represent the behavior of the growth curve of COVID-19 in the capital cities of Brazil. The GAM dose-response curve suggested a negative linear relationship between temperatures and daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the range from 16.8 C to 27.4 C. Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19. A sensitivity analysis assessed the robustness of the results of the model. The predicted R-squared of the polynomial linear regression model was 0.81053. In this study, which features the tropical temperatures of Brazil, the variation in annual average temperatures ranged from 16.8 C to 27.4 C. Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C. The study had the goal of supporting governance for healthcare policymakers.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Sci Total Environ", "pmcid": "PMC7182516", "pubmed_id": "32361443", "publish_time": "2020-04-25", "DOI": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138862", "Rel_score": "-0.006139703560620546" }, { "Doc_id": "dekdf7vu", "Title": "Temperature significantly changes COVID-19 transmission in (sub)tropical cities of Brazil", "Abstract": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become a severe public health issue. The novelty of the virus prompts a search for understanding of how ecological factors affect the transmission and survival of the virus. Several studies have robustly identified a relationship between temperature and the number of cases. However, there is no specific study for a tropical climate such as Brazil. This work aims to determine the relationship of temperature to COVID-19 infection for the state capital cities of Brazil. Cumulative data with the daily number of confirmed cases was collected from February 27 to April 1, 2020, for all 27 state capital cities of Brazil affected by COVID-19. A generalized additive model (GAM) was applied to explore the linear and nonlinear relationship between annual average temperature compensation and confirmed cases. Also, a polynomial linear regression model was proposed to represent the behavior of the growth curve of COVID-19 in the capital cities of Brazil. The GAM dose-response curve suggested a negative linear relationship between temperatures and daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the range from 16.8 C to 27.4 C. Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a -4.8951% (t = -2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19. A sensitivity analysis assessed the robustness of the results of the model. The predicted R-squared of the polynomial linear regression model was 0.81053. In this study, which features the tropical temperatures of Brazil, the variation in annual average temperatures ranged from 16.8 C to 27.4 C. Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C. The study had the goal of supporting governance for healthcare policymakers.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Temperature significantly changes COVID-19 transmission in (sub)tropical cities of Brazil", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Sci Total Environ", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.006349746137857437" }, { "Doc_id": "gan10za0", "Title": "Weathering the pandemic: How the Caribbean Basin can use viral and environmental patterns to predict, prepare and respond to COVID19", "Abstract": "The 2020 coronavirus pandemic is developing at different paces throughout the world. Some areas, like the Caribbean Basin, have yet to see the virus strike at full force. When it does, there is reasonable evidence to suggest the consequent COVID19 outbreaks will overwhelm healthcare systems and economies. This is particularly concerning in the Caribbean as pandemics can have disproportionately higher mortality impacts on lower and middle income countries. Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus, making spatiotemporal predictions of its infectiousness possible. This review studies geographic and timebased distribution of known respiratory viruses in the Caribbean Basin in an attempt to foresee how the pandemic will develop in this region. This review is meant to aid in planning short and longterm interventions to manage outbreaks at the international, national and subnational levels in the region. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "label": "" }, { "claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "label": "" }, { "claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "label": "" }, { "claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "label": "" }, { "claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "label": "" }, { "claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "J Med Virol", "pmcid": "PMC7262109", "pubmed_id": "32275090", "publish_time": "2020-04-10", "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.25864", "Rel_score": "-0.006581772118806839" } ] }, { "Topic_ID": "3", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Relevant_docs": [ { "Doc_id": "342thf3o", "Title": "SARS - CoV-2: Reasons of epidemiology of severe ill disease cases and therapeutic approach using trivalent vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria and Bordetella pertussis)", "Abstract": "The novel coronavirus Covid-19 follows transmission route and clinical presentation of all community-acquired coronaviruses. Instead, the rate of transmission is significative higher, with a faster spread of the virus responsible of the worldwide outbreak and a significative higher mortality rate due to the development of a severe lung injury. Most noteworthy is the distribution of death rate among age groups. Children and younger people are almost protected from severe clinical presentation. Possible explanation of this phenomenon could be the ability of past vaccinations (especially tetanic, diphtheria toxoids and inactivated bacteria as pertussis) to stimulate immune system and to generate a scattered immunity against non-self antigens in transit, as coronaviruses and other community-circulating viruses and make immune system readier to develop specific immunity against Covid-19. The first support to this hypothesis is the distribution of mortality rate during historical pandemics (\"Spanish flu\" 1918, \"Asian flu\" 1956 and \"the Hong Kong flu\" 1968) among age groups before and after the introduction of vaccines. The immunological support to the hypothesis derives from recent studies about immunotherapy for malignancies, which propose the use of oncolytic vaccines combined with toxoids in order to exploit CD4 + memory T cell recall in supporting the ongoing anti-tumour response. According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Med Hypotheses", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0017968951724469662" }, { "Doc_id": "n0actmsc", "Title": "Pre-existing and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans", "Abstract": "Several related human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are endemic in the human population, causing mild respiratory infections1. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a recent zoonotic infection that has quickly reached pandemic spread2,3. Zoonotic introduction of novel coronaviruses is thought to occur in the absence of pre-existing immunity in the target human population. Using diverse assays for detection of antibodies reactive with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein, we demonstrate the presence of pre-existing immunity in uninfected and unexposed humans to the new coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 S-reactive antibodies, exclusively of the IgG class, were readily detectable by a sensitive flow cytometry-based method in SARS-CoV-2-uninfected individuals with recent HCoV infection and targeted the S2 subunit. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 infection induced higher titres of SARS-CoV-2 S-reactive IgG antibodies, as well as concomitant IgM and IgA antibodies throughout the observation period of 6 weeks since symptoms onset. HCoV patient sera also variably reacted with SARS-CoV-2 S and nucleocapsid (N), but not with the S1 subunit or the receptor binding domain (RBD) of S on standard enzyme immunoassays. Notably, HCoV patient sera exhibited specific neutralising activity against SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotypes, according to levels of SARS-CoV-2 S-binding IgG and with efficiencies comparable to those of COVID-19 patient sera. Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "bioRxiv", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-05-15", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.05.14.095414", "Rel_score": "-0.0019665679428726435" }, { "Doc_id": "dptgg05n", "Title": "Characterization of anti-viral immunity in recovered individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2", "Abstract": "The WHO has declared SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. However, to date, there was hardly any study in characterizing the immune responses, especially adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection. However, follow-up patients (2 weeks post discharge) exhibited high titers of IgG antibodies, but with low levels of virus-specific T cells, suggesting that they may enter a quiescent state. Our work has thus provided a basis for further analysis of protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2, and understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19, especially in the severe cases. It has also implications in designing an effective vaccine to protect and treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-03-20", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.03.17.20036640", "Rel_score": "-0.001989767886698246" }, { "Doc_id": "jfe8neec", "Title": "SARS CoV -2: reasons of epidemiology of severe ill disease cases and therapeutic approach using trivalent vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria and Bordetella pertussis)", "Abstract": "Abstract The novel coronavirus COVID-19 follows transmission route and clinical presentation of all community-acquired coronaviruses. Instead, the rate of transmission is significative higher, with a faster spread of the virus responsible of the worldwide outbreak and a significative higher mortality rate due to the development of a severe lung injury. Most noteworthy is the distribution of death rate among age groups. Children and younger people are almost protected from severe clinical presentation. Possible explanation of this phenomenon could be the ability of past vaccinations (especially tetanic, diphtheria toxoids and inactivated bacteria as pertussis) to stimulate immune system and to generate a scattered immunity against non-self antigens in transit, as coronaviruses and other community-circulating viruses and make immune system readier to develop specific immunity against COVID-19. The first support to this hypothesis is the distribution of mortality rate during historical pandemics (Spanish flu 1918, Asian flu 1956 and the Hong Kong flu 1968) among age groups before and after the introduction of vaccines. The immunological support to the hypothesis derives from recent studies about immunotherapy for malignancies, which propose the use of oncolytic vaccines combined with toxoids in order to exploit CD4+ memory T cell recall in supporting the ongoing anti-tumour response. According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the COVID-19 will occur.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Med Hypotheses", "pmcid": "PMC7175879", "pubmed_id": "32387756", "publish_time": "2020-04-22", "DOI": "10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109779", "Rel_score": "-0.002087915316224098" }, { "Doc_id": "xetzg7gp", "Title": "The immune vulnerability landscape of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2", "Abstract": "The outbreak of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread from Wuhan, China to more than 150 countries, areas or territories, causing staggering number of infections and deaths. A systematic profiling of the immune vulnerability landscape of SARS-CoV-2, which can bring critical insights into the immune clearance mechanism, peptide vaccine development, and antiviral antibody development, is lacking. In this study, we investigated the potential of the SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins to induce class I and II MHC presentation and to form linear antibody epitopes. We created an online database to broadly share the predictions as a resource for the research community. Using this resource, we showed that genetic variations in SARS- CoV-2, though still few for the moment, already follow the pattern of mutations in related coronaviruses, and could alter the immune vulnerability landscape of this virus. Importantly, we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "bioRxiv", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-02-12", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.02.08.939553", "Rel_score": "-0.0022973830346018076" }, { "Doc_id": "ys8cs84y", "Title": "Expected immune recognition of COVID-19 virus by memory from earlier infections with common coronaviruses in a large part of the world population", "Abstract": "SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus agent of the COVID-19 pandemic causing high mortalities. In contrast, the widely spread human coronaviruses OC43, HKU1, 229E, and NL63 tend to cause only mild symptoms. The present study shows, by in silico analysis, that these common human viruses are expected to induce immune memory against SARS-CoV-2 by sharing protein fragments (antigen epitopes) for presentation to the immune system by MHC class I. A list of such epitopes is provided. The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus. For inducing protection, booster vaccinations enhancing existing immunity are less demanding than primary vaccinations against new antigens. Therefore, for the discussion on vaccination strategies against COVID-19, the available immune memory against related viruses should be part of the consideration.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "F1000Res", "pmcid": "PMC7309412", "pubmed_id": "32595955", "publish_time": "2020-04-23", "DOI": "10.12688/f1000research.23458.1", "Rel_score": "-0.0023457887582480907" }, { "Doc_id": "majelie8", "Title": "Expected immune recognition of COVID-19 virus by memory from earlier infections with common coronaviruses in a large part of the world population", "Abstract": "SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus agent of the COVID-19 pandemic causing high mortalities. In contrast, the widely spread human coronaviruses OC43, HKU1, 229E, and NL63 tend to cause only mild symptoms. The present study shows, by in silico analysis, that these common human viruses are expected to induce immune memory against SARS-CoV-2 by sharing protein fragments (antigen epitopes) for presentation to the immune system by MHC class I. A list of such epitopes is provided. The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus. For inducing protection, booster vaccinations enhancing existing immunity are less demanding than primary vaccinations against new antigens. Therefore, for the discussion on vaccination strategies against COVID-19, the available immune memory against related viruses should be part of the consideration.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "F1000Res", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0023457887582480907" }, { "Doc_id": "neq2vqym", "Title": "Grundlagen der Replikation und der Immunologie von SARS-CoV-2", "Abstract": "Coronaviruses are a genetically highly variable family of viruses that infect vertebrates and have succeeded in infecting humans many times by overcoming the species barrier. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which initially appeared in China at the end of 2019, exhibits a high infectivity and pathogenicity compared to other coronaviruses. As the viral coat and other viral components are recognized as being foreign by the immune system, this can lead to initial symptoms, which are induced by the very efficiently working immune defense system via the respiratory epithelium. During severe courses a systemically expressed proinflammatory cytokine storm and subsequent changes in the coagulation and complement systems can occur. Virus-specific antibodies, the long-term expression of which is ensured by the formation of B memory cell clones, generate a specific immune response that is also detectable in blood (seroconversion). Specifically effective cytotoxic CD8+ Tcell populations are also formed, which recognize viral epitopes as pathogen-specific patterns in combination with MHC presentation on the cell surface of virus-infected cells and destroy these cells. At the current point in time it is unclear how regular, robust and durable this immune status is constructed. Experiences with other coronavirus infections (SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome, MERS) indicate that the immunity could persist for several years. Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Ophthalmologe", "pmcid": "PMC7328300", "pubmed_id": "32613257", "publish_time": "2020-07-01", "DOI": "10.1007/s00347-020-01155-w", "Rel_score": "-0.002452225424349308" }, { "Doc_id": "fwn97wds", "Title": "Immunogenic profile of SARS-CoV-2 spike in individuals recovered from COVID-19", "Abstract": "The rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2 and resultant mortality and social disruption have highlighted the need to better understand coronavirus immunity to expedite vaccine development efforts. Multiple candidate vaccines, designed to elicit protective neutralising antibodies targeting the viral spike glycoprotein, are rapidly advancing to clinical trial. However, the immunogenic properties of the spike protein in humans are unresolved. To address this, we undertook an in-depth characterisation of humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 spike in humans following mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. We find serological antibody responses against spike are routinely elicited by infection and correlate with plasma neutralising activity and capacity to block ACE2/RBD interaction. Expanded populations of spike-specific memory B cells and circulating T follicular helper cells (cTFH) were detected within convalescent donors, while responses to the receptor binding domain (RBD) constitute a minor fraction. Using regression analysis, we find high plasma neutralisation activity was associated with increased spike-specific antibody, but notably also with the relative distribution of spike-specific cTFH subsets. Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-05-21", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.05.17.20104869", "Rel_score": "-0.0026708904188126326" }, { "Doc_id": "j6mx4797", "Title": "Grundlagen der Replikation und der Immunologie von SARS-CoV-2./ [Basic principles of replication and immunology of SARS-CoV-2]", "Abstract": "Coronaviruses are a genetically highly variable family of viruses that infect vertebrates and have succeeded in infecting humans many times by overcoming the species barrier. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which initially appeared in China at the end of 2019, exhibits a high infectivity and pathogenicity compared to other coronaviruses. As the viral coat and other viral components are recognized as being foreign by the immune system, this can lead to initial symptoms, which are induced by the very efficiently working immune defense system via the respiratory epithelium. During severe courses a systemically expressed proinflammatory cytokine storm and subsequent changes in the coagulation and complement systems can occur. Virus-specific antibodies, the long-term expression of which is ensured by the formation of B memory cell clones, generate a specific immune response that is also detectable in blood (seroconversion). Specifically effective cytotoxic CD8+ Tcell populations are also formed, which recognize viral epitopes as pathogen-specific patterns in combination with MHC presentation on the cell surface of virus-infected cells and destroy these cells. At the current point in time it is unclear how regular, robust and durable this immune status is constructed. Experiences with other coronavirus infections (SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome, MERS) indicate that the immunity could persist for several years. Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "label": "" }, { "claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "label": "" }, { "claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Ophthalmologe", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0028173536993563175" } ] }, { "Topic_ID": "4", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Relevant_docs": [ { "Doc_id": "hv5pc6yt", "Title": "Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study", "Abstract": "BACKGROUND: The 2019 novel coronavirus has caused the outbreak of the acute respiratory disease in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China since December 2019. This study was performed to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients who succumbed to and who recovered from 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). METHODS: Clinical data were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Wuhan. A retrospective investigation was conducted to analyze the clinical characteristics of fatal cases of COVID-19 (death group) and we compare them with recovered patients (recovered group). Continuous variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were analyzed by χ test or Fisher exact test as appropriate. RESULTS: Our study enrolled 109 COVID-19 patients who died during hospitalization and 116 recovered patients. The median age of the death group was older than the recovered group (69 [62, 74] vs. 40 [33, 57] years, Z=9.738, P<0.001). More patients in the death group had underlying diseases (72.5% vs. 41.4%, χ=22.105, P<0.001). Patients in the death group had a significantly longer time of illness onset to hospitalization (10.0 [6.5, 12.0] vs. 7.0 [5.0, 10.0] days, Z=3.216, P=0.001). On admission, the proportions of patients with symptoms of dyspnea (70.6% vs. 19.0%, χ=60.905, P<0.001) and expectoration (32.1% vs. 12.1%, χ=13.250, P<0.001) were significantly higher in the death group. The blood oxygen saturation was significantly lower in the death group (85 [77, 91]% vs. 97 [95, 98]%, Z=10.625, P<0.001). The white blood cell (WBC) in death group was significantly higher on admission (7.23 [4.87, 11.17] vs. 4.52 [3.62, 5.88] 10/L, Z=7.618, P<0.001). Patients in the death group exhibited significantly lower lymphocyte count (0.63 [0.40, 0.79] vs. 1.00 [0.72, 1.27] 10/L, Z=8.037, P<0.001) and lymphocyte percentage (7.10 [4.45, 12.73]% vs. 23.50 [15.27, 31.25]%, Z=10.315, P<0.001) on admission, and the lymphocyte percentage continued to decrease during hospitalization (7.10 [4.45, 12.73]% vs. 2.91 [1.79, 6.13]%, Z=5.242, P<0.001). Alanine transaminase (22.00 [15.00, 34.00] vs. 18.70 [13.00, 30.38] U/L, Z=2.592, P=0.010), aspartate transaminase (34.00 [27.00, 47.00] vs. 22.00 [17.65, 31.75] U/L, Z=7.308, P<0.001), and creatinine levels (89.00 [72.00, 133.50] vs. 65.00 [54.60, 78.75] mol/L, Z=6.478, P<0.001) were significantly higher in the death group than those in the recovered group. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were also significantly higher in the death group on admission (109.25 [35.00, 170.28] vs. 3.22 [1.04, 21.80] mg/L, Z=10.206, P<0.001) and showed no significant improvement after treatment (109.25 [35.00, 170.28] vs. 81.60 [27.23, 179.08] mg/L, Z=1.219, P=0.233). The patients in the death group had more complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (89.9% vs. 8.6%, χ=148.105, P<0.001), acute cardiac injury (59.6% vs. 0.9%, χ=93.222, P<0.001), acute kidney injury (18.3% vs. 0%, χ=23.257, P<0.001), shock (11.9% vs. 0%, χ=14.618, P<0.001), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (6.4% vs. 0%, χ=7.655, P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels. More patients in the death group had complications such as ARDS, acute cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, shock, and DIC.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Chin Med J (Engl)", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0030910829082131386" }, { "Doc_id": "378cfb23", "Title": "Sudden cardiac death in COVID-19 patients, a report of three cases", "Abstract": "The mortality rate of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has been reported as 16% in most studies. The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia. Nevertheless, it has been noted that cardiovascular failure can also lead to death. Three COVID-19 patients were diagnosed based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of a nasopharyngeal swab test and radiological examinations in our hospital. The patients received medications at the discretion of the treating physician. In this case series, chest computed tomography scans and electrocardiograms, along with other diagnostic tests were used to evaluate these individuals. Sudden cardiac death in COVID-19 patients is not common, but it is a major concern. So, it is recommended to monitor cardiac condition in selected patients with COVID-19.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Future cardiology", "pmcid": "PMC7337161", "pubmed_id": "32615807", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0030910829082131386" }, { "Doc_id": "pby3i6wq", "Title": "Physician Deaths from Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19)", "Abstract": "OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused much morbidity and mortality to patients but also health care providers. We tabulated the cases of physician deaths from COVID-19 associated with front-line work in hopes of mitigating future events. METHOD: On April 5, 2020, Google internet search was performed using the keywords doctor, physician, death, COVID, COVID-19, and coronavirus in English and Farsi, and in Chinese using the Baidu search engine. RESULTS: We found 198 physician deaths from COVID-19, but complete details were missing for 49 individuals. The average age of the physicians that died was 63.4 years (range 28 to 90 years) and the median age was 66 years of age. Ninety percent of the deceased physicians were male (175/194). General practitioners and emergency room doctors (78/192), respirologists (5/192), internal medicine specialists (11/192) and anesthesiologists (6/192) comprised 52% of those dying. Two percent of the deceased were epidemiologists (4/192), 2% were infectious disease specialists (4/192), 5% were dentists (9/192), 4% were ENT (8/192), and 4% were ophthalmologists (7/192). The countries with the most reported physician deaths were Italy (79/198), Iran (43/198), China (16/198), Philippines (14/198), United States (9/192) and Indonesia (7/192). CONCLUSION: Physicians from all specialties may die from COVID, and these deaths will likely increase as the pandemic progresses. Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death. Consideration should be made to exclude older physicians from front-line work.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-04-08", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.04.05.20054494", "Rel_score": "-0.0032130067702382803" }, { "Doc_id": "bkntg9y0", "Title": "Dying with SARS-CoV-2 infection-an autopsy study of the first consecutive 80 cases in Hamburg, Germany", "Abstract": "Autopsies of deceased with a confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can provide important insights into the novel disease and its course. Furthermore, autopsies are essential for the correct statistical recording of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths. In the northern German Federal State of Hamburg, all deaths of Hamburg citizens with ante- or postmortem PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection have been autopsied since the outbreak of the pandemic in Germany. Our evaluation provides a systematic overview of the first 80 consecutive full autopsies. A proposal for the categorisation of deaths with SARS-CoV-2 infection is presented (category 1: definite COVID-19 death; category 2: probable COVID-19 death; category 3: possible COVID-19 death with an equal alternative cause of death; category 4: SARS-CoV-2 detection with cause of death not associated to COVID-19). In six cases, SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed postmortem by a positive PCR test in a nasopharyngeal or lung tissue swab. In the other 74 cases, SARS-CoV-2 infection had already been known antemortem. The deceased were aged between 52 and 96 years (average 79.2 years, median 82.4 years). In the study cohort, 34 deceased were female (38%) and 46 male (62%). Overall, 38% of the deceased were overweight or obese. All deceased, except for two women, in whom no significant pre-existing conditions were found autoptically, had relevant comorbidities (in descending order of frequency): (1) diseases of the cardiovascular system, (2) lung diseases, (3) central nervous system diseases, (4) kidney diseases, and (5) diabetes mellitus. A total of 76 cases (95%) were classified as COVID-19 deaths, corresponding to categories 1-3. Four deaths (5%) were defined as non-COVID-19 deaths with virus-independent causes of death. In eight cases, pneumonia was combined with a fulminant pulmonary artery embolism. Peripheral pulmonary artery embolisms were found in nine other cases. Overall, deep vein thrombosis has been found in 40% of the cases. This study provides the largest overview of autopsies of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients presented so far.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Int J Legal Med", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0033027171157300472" }, { "Doc_id": "igfur3l9", "Title": "Influence factors of death risk among COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China: a hospital-based case-cohort study", "Abstract": "Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggered by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been widely pandemic all over the world. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence factors of death risk among 200 COVID-19 patients. Methods. Two hundred patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited. Demographic data and clinical characteristics were collected from electronic medical records. Biochemical indexes on admission were measured and patient's prognosis was tracked. The association of demographic data, clinical characteristics and biochemical indexes with death risk was analyzed. Results. Of 200 COVID-19 patients, 163 (81.5%) had at least one of comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, hepatic disease, cardiac disease, chronic pulmonary disease and others. Among all patients, critical cases, defined as oxygenation index lower than 200, accounted for 26.2%. Severe cases, oxygenation index from 200 to 300, were 29.7%. Besides, common cases, oxygenation index higher than 300, accounted for 44.1%. At the end of follow-up, 34 (17%) were died on mean 10.9 day after hospitalization. Stratified analysis revealed that older ages, lower oxygenation index and comorbidities elevated death risk of COVID-19 patients. On admission, 85.5% COVID-19 patients were with at least one of extrapulmonary organ injuries. Univariable logistic regression showed that ALT and TBIL, two indexes of hepatic injury, AST, myoglobin and LDH, AST/ALT ratio, several markers of myocardial injury, creatinine, urea nitrogen and uric acid, three indexes of renal injury, were positively associated with death risk of COVID-19 patients. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that AST/ALT ratio, urea nitrogen, TBIL and LDH on admission were positively correlated with death risk of COVID-19 patients. Conclusion. Older age, lower oxygenation index and comorbidities on admission elevate death risk of COVID-19 patients. AST/ALT ratio, urea nitrogen, TBIL and LDH on admission may be potential prognostic indicators. Early hospitalization is of great significance to prevent multiple organ damage and improve the survival of COVID-19 patients.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-03-16", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.03.13.20035329", "Rel_score": "-0.003482588566839695" }, { "Doc_id": "96v8owb9", "Title": "A fatal case of COVID-19 due to metabolic acidosis following dysregulate inflammatory response (cytokine storm)", "Abstract": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over. Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death but here we present a case about a patient who instead succumbed to severe metabolic acidosis with multiple organ failure.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "IDCases", "pmcid": "PMC7236721", "pubmed_id": "32483525", "publish_time": "2020-05-19", "DOI": "10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00829", "Rel_score": "-0.0036340404767543077" }, { "Doc_id": "gk45wj3k", "Title": "The natural history of symptomatic COVID-19 in Catalonia, Spain: a multi-state model including 109,367 outpatient diagnoses, 18,019 hospitalisations, and 5,585 COVID-19 deaths among 5,627,520 people", "Abstract": "Background The natural history of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has yet to be fully described, with most previous reports focusing on hospitalised patients. Using linked patient-level data, we set out to describe the associations between age, gender, and comorbidities and the risk of outpatient COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalisation, and/or related mortality. Methods A population-based cohort study including all individuals registered in Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP). SIDIAP includes primary care records covering > 80% of the population of Catalonia, Spain, and was linked to region-wide testing, hospital and mortality records. Outpatient diagnoses of COVID-19, hospitalisations with COVID-19, and deaths with COVID-19 were identified between 1st March and 6th May 2020. A multi-state model was used, with cause-specific Cox survival models estimated for each transition. Findings A total of 5,664,652 individuals were included. Of these, 109,367 had an outpatient diagnosis of COVID-19, 18,019 were hospitalised with COVID-19, and 5,585 died after either being diagnosed or hospitalised with COVID-19. Half of those who died were not admitted to hospital prior to their death. Risk of a diagnosis with COVID-19 peaked first in middle-age and then again for oldest ages, risk for hospitalisation after diagnosis peaked around 70 years old, with all other risks highest at oldest ages. Male gender was associated with an increased risk for all outcomes other than outpatient diagnosis. The comorbidities studied (autoimmune condition, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, heart disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, malignant neoplasm, obesity, and type 2 diabetes) were all associated with worse outcomes. Interpretation There is a continued need to protect those at high risk of poor outcomes, particularly the elderly, from COVID-19 and provide appropriate care for those who develop symptomatic disease. While risks of hospitalisation and death are lower for younger populations, there is a need to limit their role in community transmission. These findings should inform public health strategies, including future vaccination campaigns.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-07-14", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.07.13.20152454", "Rel_score": "-0.003761361353099346" }, { "Doc_id": "9819n3zf", "Title": "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study", "Abstract": "BACKGROUND: Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. METHODS: In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. FINDINGS: 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 110, 95% CI 103-117, per year increase; p=00043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (565, 261-1223; p<00001), and d-dimer greater than 1 g/mL (1842, 264-12855; p=00033) on admission. Median duration of viral shedding was 200 days (IQR 170-240) in survivors, but SARS-CoV-2 was detectable until death in non-survivors. The longest observed duration of viral shedding in survivors was 37 days. INTERPRETATION: The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 g/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. FUNDING: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Lancet", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0044527905993163586" }, { "Doc_id": "k36rymkv", "Title": "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study", "Abstract": "BACKGROUND: Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. METHODS: In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. FINDINGS: 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 110, 95% CI 103117, per year increase; p=00043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (565, 2611223; p<00001), and d-dimer greater than 1 g/mL (1842, 26412855; p=00033) on admission. Median duration of viral shedding was 200 days (IQR 170240) in survivors, but SARS-CoV-2 was detectable until death in non-survivors. The longest observed duration of viral shedding in survivors was 37 days. INTERPRETATION: The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 g/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. FUNDING: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Lancet", "pmcid": "PMC7270627", "pubmed_id": "32171076", "publish_time": "2020-03-11", "DOI": "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3", "Rel_score": "-0.004572056699544191" }, { "Doc_id": "j8rtwy6l", "Title": "Postmortem examination of COVID-19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings in lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction", "Abstract": "AIMS: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly evolved into a sweeping pandemic. Its major manifestation is in the respiratory tract, and the general extent of organ involvement and the microscopic changes in the lungs remain insufficiently characterised. Autopsies are essential to elucidate COVID-19-associated organ alterations. METHODS AND RESULTS: This article reports the autopsy findings of 21 COVID-19 patients hospitalised at the University Hospital Basel and at the Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Switzerland. An in-corpore technique was performed to ensure optimal staff safety. The primary cause of death was respiratory failure with exudative diffuse alveolar damage and massive capillary congestion, often accompanied by microthrombi despite anticoagulation. Ten cases showed superimposed bronchopneumonia. Further findings included pulmonary embolism (n = 4), alveolar haemorrhage (n = 3), and vasculitis (n = 1). Pathologies in other organ systems were predominantly attributable to shock; three patients showed signs of generalised and five of pulmonary thrombotic microangiopathy. Six patients were diagnosed with senile cardiac amyloidosis upon autopsy. Most patients suffered from one or more comorbidities (hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus). Additionally, there was an overall predominance of males and individuals with blood group A (81% and 65%, respectively). All relevant histological slides are linked as open-source scans in supplementary files. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides an overview of postmortem findings in COVID-19 cases, implying that hypertensive, elderly, obese, male individuals with severe cardiovascular comorbidities as well as those with blood group A may have a lower threshold of tolerance for COVID-19. This provides a pathophysiological explanation for higher mortality rates among these patients.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "label": "" }, { "claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "label": "" }, { "claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "label": "" }, { "claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "label": "" }, { "claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The delay in reaching hospital has been found to be a leading contributor to the high mortality among COVID-19 patients, especially with most of them aged above 60 and having underlying morbidities.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Histopathology", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.005164852365851402" } ] }, { "Topic_ID": "5", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Relevant_docs": [ { "Doc_id": "29h189tx", "Title": "The anti-viral facet of anti-rheumatic drugs: Lessons from COVID-19", "Abstract": "Abstract The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has posed the world at a pandemic risk. Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which causes pneumonia, requires intensive care unit hospitalization in about 10% of cases and can lead to a fatal outcome. Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. In COVID-19 patients a pro-inflammatory status with high levels of interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-1 receptor (R)A and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- has been demonstrated. Moreover, high levels of IL-6 and TNF- have been observed in patients requiring intensive-care-unit hospitalization. This provided rationale for the use of anti-rheumatic drugs as potential treatments for this severe viral infection. Other agents, such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine might have a direct anti-viral effect. The anti-viral aspect of immunosuppressants towards a variety of viruses has been known since long time and it is herein discussed in the view of searching for a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "J Autoimmun", "pmcid": "PMC7164894", "pubmed_id": "32317220", "publish_time": "2020-04-17", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102468", "Rel_score": "-0.002354232594370842" }, { "Doc_id": "63gq2wu1", "Title": "The anti-viral facet of anti-rheumatic drugs: Lessons from COVID-19", "Abstract": "The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has posed the world at a pandemic risk. Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which causes pneumonia, requires intensive care unit hospitalization in about 10% of cases and can lead to a fatal outcome. Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. In COVID-19 patients a pro-inflammatory status with high levels of interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-1 receptor (R)A and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α has been demonstrated. Moreover, high levels of IL-6 and TNF-α have been observed in patients requiring intensive-care-unit hospitalization. This provided rationale for the use of anti-rheumatic drugs as potential treatments for this severe viral infection. Other agents, such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine might have a direct anti-viral effect. The anti-viral aspect of immunosuppressants towards a variety of viruses has been known since long time and it is herein discussed in the view of searching for a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "J Autoimmun", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0024760086089372635" }, { "Doc_id": "08zf7161", "Title": "Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model: evidence of protection to re-challenge", "Abstract": "In December 2019 an outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China. The causative agent was subsequently identified and named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which rapidly spread worldwide causing a pandemic. Currently there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics available against SARS-CoV-2 but numerous candidate vaccines are in development and repurposed drugs are being tested in the clinic. There is a vital need for authentic COVID-19 animal models to further our understanding of pathogenesis and viral spread in addition to pre-clinical evaluation of candidate interventions. Here we report a dose titration study of SARS-CoV-2 to determine the most suitable infectious dose to use in the ferret model. We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication. The URT shedding lasted up to 21 days in the high dose animals with intermittent positive signal from day 14. Sequential culls revealed distinct pathological signs of mild multifocal bronchopneumonia in approximately 5-15% of the lung, observed on day 3 in high and medium dosed animals, with presence of mild broncho-interstitial pneumonia on day 7 onwards. No obvious elevated temperature or signs of coughing or dyspnoea were observed although animals did present with a consistent post-viral fatigue lasting from day 9-14 in the medium and high dose groups. After virus shedding ceased, re-challenged ferrets were shown to be fully protected from acute lung pathology. The endpoints of URT viral RNA replication in addition to distinct lung pathology and post viral fatigue were observed most consistently in the high dose group. This ferret model of SARS-CoV-2 infection presents a mild clinical disease (as displayed by 80% of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2). In addition, intermittent viral shedding on days 14-21 parallel observations reported in a minority of clinical cases.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "bioRxiv", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-05-29", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.05.29.123810", "Rel_score": "-0.002722725737839937" }, { "Doc_id": "kjc3j7yz", "Title": "Development of remdesivir repositioning as a nucleotide analog against COVID-19 RNA dependent RNA polymerase", "Abstract": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative representative of a severe respiratory illness resulted in widespread human infections and deaths in nearly all of the countries since late 2019. There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. A broad-spectrum of antiviral agents are being currently evaluated in clinical trials, and in this review, we specifically focus on the application of Remdesivir (RVD) as a potential anti-viral compound against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) -CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. First, we overview the general information about SARS-CoV-2, followed by application of RDV as a nucleotide analogue which can potentially inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of COVs. Afterwards, we discussed the kinetics of SARS- or MERS-CoV proliferation in animal models which is significantly different compared to that in humans. Finally, some ongoing challenges and future perspective on the application of RDV either alone or in combination with other anti-viral agents against CoVs infection were surveyed to determine the efficiency of RDV in preclinical trials. As a result, this paper provides crucial evidence of the potency of RDV to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "J Biomol Struct Dyn", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.00276445341296494" }, { "Doc_id": "ywaefpe8", "Title": "Search for SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors in currently approved drugs to tackle COVID-19 pandemia", "Abstract": "Different treatments are currently used for clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but little is known about their efficacy yet. Here we present ongoing results to compare currently available drugs for a variety of diseases to find out if they counteract SARS-CoV-2-induced cytopathic effect in vitro. Our goal is to prioritize antiviral activity to provide a solid evidence-driven rationale for forthcoming clinical trials. Since the most effective antiviral approaches are usually based on combined therapies that tackle the viral life cycle at different stages, we are also testing combinations of drugs that may be critical to reduce the emergence of resistant viruses. We will provide results as soon as they become available, so data should be interpreted with caution, clearly understanding the limitations of the in vitro model, that may not always reflect what could happen in vivo. Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "bioRxiv", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-04-24", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.04.23.055756", "Rel_score": "-0.0029621317517012358" }, { "Doc_id": "2ro2p77q", "Title": "Development of remdesivir repositioning as a nucleotide analog against COVID-19 RNA dependent RNA polymerase", "Abstract": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative representative of a severe respiratory illness resulted in widespread human infections and deaths in nearly all of the countries since late 2019. There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. A broad-spectrum of antiviral agents are being currently evaluated in clinical trials, and in this review, we specifically focus on the application of Remdesivir (RVD) as a potential anti-viral compound against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) -CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. First, we overview the general information about SARS-CoV-2, followed by application of RDV as a nucleotide analogue which can potentially inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of COVs. Afterwards, we discussed the kinetics of SARS- or MERS-CoV proliferation in animal models which is significantly different compared to that in humans. Finally, some ongoing challenges and future perspective on the application of RDV either alone or in combination with other anti-viral agents against CoVs infection were surveyed to determine the efficiency of RDV in preclinical trials. As a result, this paper provides crucial evidence of the potency of RDV to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "J Biomol Struct Dyn", "pmcid": "PMC7256352", "pubmed_id": "32397906", "publish_time": "2020-05-20", "DOI": "10.1080/07391102.2020.1767210", "Rel_score": "-0.0029805542435497046" }, { "Doc_id": "aexlwq79", "Title": "Antiviral treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters reveals a weak effect of favipiravir and a complete lack of effect for hydroxychloroquine", "Abstract": "SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019. With no specific therapeutic and prophylactic options available, the virus was able to infect millions of people. To date, close to half a million patients succumbed to the viral disease, COVID-19. The high need for treatment options, together with the lack of small animal models of infection has led to clinical trials with repurposed drugs before any preclinical in vivo evidence attesting their efficacy was available. We used Syrian hamsters to establish a model to evaluate antiviral activity of small molecules in both an infection and a transmission setting. Upon intranasal infection, the animals developed high titers of SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs and pathology similar to that observed in mild COVID-19 patients. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters with favipiravir or hydroxychloroquine (with and without azithromycin) resulted in respectively a mild or no reduction in viral RNA and infectious virus. Micro-CT scan analysis of the lungs showed no improvement compared to non-treated animals, which was confirmed by histopathology. In addition, both compounds did not prevent virus transmission through direct contact and thus failed as prophylactic treatments. By modelling the PK profile of hydroxychloroquine based on the trough plasma concentrations, we show that the total lung exposure to the drug was not the limiting factor. In conclusion, we here characterized a hamster infection and transmission model to be a robust model for studying in vivo efficacy of antiviral compounds. The information acquired using hydroxychloroquine and favipiravir in this model is of critical value to those designing (current and) future clinical trials. At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "bioRxiv", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-06-19", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.06.19.159053", "Rel_score": "-0.0030202509369701147" }, { "Doc_id": "urpianz6", "Title": "Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): A molecular docking study", "Abstract": "AIMS: A new human coronavirus (HCoV), which has been designated SARS-CoV-2, began spreading in December 2019 in Wuhan City, China causing pneumonia called COVID-19. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been faster than any other coronaviruses that have succeeded in crossing the animal-human barrier. There is concern that this new virus will spread around the world as did the previous two HCoVs-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-each of which caused approximately 800 deaths in the years 2002 and 2012, respectively. Thus far, 11,268 deaths have been reported from the 258,842 confirmed infections in 168 countries. MAIN METHODS: In this study, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the newly emerged coronavirus is modeled, validated, and then targeted using different anti-polymerase drugs currently on the market that have been approved for use against various viruses. KEY FINDINGS: The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. SIGNIFICANCE: The availability of FDA-approved anti-RdRp drugs can help treat patients and reduce the danger of the mysterious new viral infection COVID-19. The drugs mentioned above can tightly bind to the RdRp of the SARS-CoV-2 strain and thus may be used to treat the disease. No toxicity measurements are required for these drugs since they were previously tested prior to their approval by the FDA.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Life Sci", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.003058400936424732" }, { "Doc_id": "y5cbp2yz", "Title": "Hydroxychloroquine Proves Ineffective in Hamsters and Macaques Infected with SARS-CoV-2", "Abstract": "We remain largely without effective prophylactic/therapeutic interventions for COVID-19. Although many human clinical trials are ongoing, there remains a deficiency of supportive preclinical drug efficacy studies. Here we assessed the prophylactic/therapeutic efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a drug of interest for COVID-19 management, in two animal models. When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "bioRxiv", "pmcid": "PMC7301902", "pubmed_id": "32577633", "publish_time": "2020-06-11", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.06.10.145144", "Rel_score": "-0.0030835960060358047" }, { "Doc_id": "3pxc5wot", "Title": "Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): A molecular docking study", "Abstract": "Abstract Aims A new human coronavirus (HCoV), which has been designated SARS-CoV-2, began spreading in December 2019 in Wuhan City, China causing pneumonia called COVID-19. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been faster than any other coronaviruses that have succeeded in crossing the animal-human barrier. There is concern that this new virus will spread around the world as did the previous two HCoVsSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)each of which caused approximately 800 deaths in the years 2002 and 2012, respectively. Thus far, 11,268 deaths have been reported from the 258,842 confirmed infections in 168 countries. Main methods In this study, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the newly emerged coronavirus is modeled, validated, and then targeted using different anti-polymerase drugs currently on the market that have been approved for use against various viruses. Key findings The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. Significance The availability of FDA-approved anti-RdRp drugs can help treat patients and reduce the danger of the mysterious new viral infection COVID-19. The drugs mentioned above can tightly bind to the RdRp of the SARS-CoV-2 strain and thus may be used to treat the disease. No toxicity measurements are required for these drugs since they were previously tested prior to their approval by the FDA.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "label": "" }, { "claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "label": "" }, { "claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Life Sci", "pmcid": "PMC7102646", "pubmed_id": "32222463", "publish_time": "2020-03-25", "DOI": "10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117592", "Rel_score": "-0.003103561233729124" } ] }, { "Topic_ID": "6", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Relevant_docs": [ { "Doc_id": "hmt9ojvc", "Title": "A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Technology for Rapid Testing of COVID-19", "Abstract": "The outbreak of COVID-19 has taken a large number of lives since 2019 and the death toll continues to increase all over the world. Recent data reports that about 27 lacs of people are infected with this virus till date and around 2 lacs are dead due to this pandemic. The situation in India is no way better. In India, almost all the states have become victim of this deadly pandemic. Considering the enormous population in India, citizens here are facing acute shortage of detection kits and many are dying even before the knowledge of their infection. The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19. The technique will be inexpensive, selective, reusable and easy to handle. It has been already implemented in our laboratory in order to detect the taste contributing agents found in tea. This article discusses the detailed methodology and the resultant analytical characteristic of the sensors developed so far and also outlines the suitability of the MIP technique towards fabrication of testing kits for rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Trans Indian Natl", "pmcid": "PMC7293430", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-06-13", "DOI": "10.1007/s41403-020-00125-7", "Rel_score": "-0.000950004265177995" }, { "Doc_id": "ertno6a5", "Title": "In Vitro Diagnostic Assays for COVID-19: Recent Advances and Emerging Trends", "Abstract": "There have been tremendous advances in in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The main IVD assays used for COVID-19 employ real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that takes a few hours. But the assay duration has been shortened to 45 min by Cepheid. Of interest is the point-of-care (POC) molecular assay by Abbott that decreased the assay duration to just 5 min. Most molecular tests have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under emergency use authorization (EUA) and are Conformit Europenne (CE) marked. A wide range of serology immunoassays (IAs) have also been developed that complement the molecular assays for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The most prominent IAs are automated chemiluminescent IA (CLIA), manual ELISA, and rapid lateral flow IA (LFIA), which detect the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) produced in persons in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The ongoing research efforts and advances in complementary technologies will pave the way to new POC IVD assays in the coming months. However, the performance of IVD assays needs to be critically evaluated before they are employed for the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Diagnostics (Basel)", "pmcid": "PMC7235801", "pubmed_id": "32260471", "publish_time": "2020-04-05", "DOI": "10.3390/diagnostics10040202", "Rel_score": "-0.0010170531459152699" }, { "Doc_id": "x7v4y1ru", "Title": "Testing for SARSCoV2: the day the world turned its attention to the clinical laboratory", "Abstract": "In the last few months, an unprecedented number of laboratory tests for COVID19 have been developed at a remarkable speed. With the rapid adoption of these tests into clinical practice, combined with the widespread publicity they received, questions arose related to the different types of tests, their utility, performance, and regulatory approval status. The aim of this publication is to provide a general landscape of laboratory testing for COVID19 and offer a historical and regulatory perspective associated with them. Specifically, we aim to elaborate on the regulatory complexities of diagnostic testing in the U.S. and its implications to the present outbreak, as well as provide a synopsis of laboratory tests that have been developed for COVID19. We will first address the detection of SarsCov2 directly by either nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) or by the detection of the viral protein for active infections. Subsequently, we will provide an overview of serological tests that can aid not only in diagnosis but additionally help to identify prior infections and potential immunity.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Clin Transl Sci", "pmcid": "PMC7300945", "pubmed_id": "32475012", "publish_time": "2020-05-31", "DOI": "10.1111/cts.12828", "Rel_score": "-0.0010193157941102982" }, { "Doc_id": "gtvc4c0p", "Title": "Development Optimization and Validation of RT-LAMP based COVID-19 Facility in Pakistan", "Abstract": "The pandemic SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has created a widespread panic across the globe especially in the developing countries like Pakistan. The lack of resources and technical staff are causing havoc challenges in the detection and prevention of this global outbreak. Therefore, a less expensive and massive screening of suspected individuals for COVID-19 is required. In this study, a user-friendly technique of reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was designed and validated to suggest a potential RT-qPCR alternate for rapid testing of COVID-19 suspected individuals. A total of 12 COVID-19 negative and 72 COVID-19 suspected individuals were analyzed. Both RT-qPCR and RT-LAMP assays were performed for all the individuals using open reading frame (ORF 1ab), nucleoprotein (N) and Spike (S) genes. All 12 specimens which were negative using RT-qPCR were also found negative using RT-LAMP assay. Overall 62 out of 72 positive samples (detected using RT-qPCR) were found COVID-19 positive using RT-LAMP assay. Interestingly all samples (45) having Ct values less than 30 showed 100% sensitivity. However, samples with weaker Ct values (i.e., => 35) showed 54% concordance, suggesting potential false negatives or false positives in RT-LAMP or RT-qPCR results, respectively. Overall comparative assessment showed that RT-LAMP assay showed strong sensitivity and specificity and can be used as an alternative strategy for rapid COVID-19 testing. Hence, based on fast processing time, minimal risk of specimens transfer and utilizing available resources, LAMP based detection of COVID-19 is strongly advocated especially for developing countries.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "bioRxiv", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-05-29", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.05.29.124123", "Rel_score": "-0.0010338444262742996" }, { "Doc_id": "nol2n8fo", "Title": "Rapid development of COVID-19 rapid diagnostics for low resource settings: accelerating delivery through transparency, responsiveness, and open collaboration", "Abstract": "In January, Mologic, embarked on a product development pathway for COVID-19 diagnostics focusing on ELISA and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), with anticipated funding from Wellcome Trust and DFID. 755 clinical samples from known COVID-19 patients and hospital negative controls were tested on Mologics IgG ELISA. The reported sensitivity on 191 SGUL prospectively enrolled patients was 95% on day 7 or more post diagnosis, and 97% 10 days or more post-diagnosis. A specificity panel comprising 564 samples pre-December 2019 were tested to include most common respiratory pathogens, other types of coronavirus, and flaviviruses. Specificity in this panel was 97%. This is the first in a series of Mologic products for COVID-19, which will be deployed for COVID-19 diagnosis, contact tracing and sero-epidemiological studies to estimate disease burden and transmission with a focus on ensuring access, affordability, and availability to lowest resource settings.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-05-05", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.04.29.20082099", "Rel_score": "-0.0010514690075069666" }, { "Doc_id": "wdithqgh", "Title": "Covid-19 rapid test by combining a random forest based web system and blood tests", "Abstract": "The disease caused by the new type of coronavirus, the Covid-19, has posed major public health challenges for many countries. With its rapid spread, since the beginning of the outbreak in December 2019, the disease transmitted by SARS-Cov2 has already caused over 400 thousand deaths to date. The diagnosis of the disease has an important role in combating Covid-19. Proposed method In this work, we propose a web system, Heg.IA, which seeks to optimize the diagnosis of Covid-19 through the use of artificial intelligence. The main ideia is that healthcare professionals can insert 41 hematological parameters from common blood tests and arterial gasometry into the system. Then, Heg.IA will provide a diagnostic report. It will indicate if the patient is infected with SARS-Cov2 virus, and also predict the type of hospitalization (regular ward, semi-ICU, or ICU). We developed a web system called Heg.IA to support decision-making regarding to diagnosis of Covid-19 and to the indication of hospitalization on regular ward, semi-ICU or ICU. This application is based on decision trees in a Random Forest architecture with 90 trees. The system showed to be highly efficient, with great results for both Covid-19 diagnosis and to recommend hospitalization. For the first scenario we found average results of accuracy of 92.891% {+/-} 0.851, kappa index of 0.858 {+/-} 0.017, sensitivity of 0.936 {+/-} 0.011, precision of 0.923 {+/-} 0.011, specificity of 0.921 {+/-} 0.012 and area under ROC of 0.984 {+/-} 0.003. As for the indication of hospitalization, we achieved excellent performance of accuracies above 99% and more than 0.99 for the other metrics in all situations. By using a computationally simple method, based on the classical decision trees, we were able to achieve high diagnosis performance. Heg.IA system may be a way to overcome the testing unavailability in the context of Covid-19. We also expect the system will provide wide access to Covid-19 effective diagnosis and thereby reach and help saving lives.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-06-16", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.06.12.20129866", "Rel_score": "-0.0011030309833586216" }, { "Doc_id": "r7glmi7p", "Title": "Testing For SARS-CoV-2: The Day the World Turned its Attention to the Clinical Laboratory", "Abstract": "In the last few months, an unprecedented number of laboratory tests for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed at a remarkable speed. With the rapid adoption of these tests into clinical practice, combined with the widespread publicity they received, questions arose related to the different types of tests, their utility, performance, and regulatory approval status. The aim of this publication is to provide a general landscape of laboratory testing for COVID-19 and offer a historical and regulatory perspective associated with them. Specifically, we aim to elaborate on the regulatory complexities of diagnostic testing in the United States and its implications to the present outbreak, as well as provide a synopsis of laboratory tests that have been developed for COVID-19. We will first address the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 directly by either nucleic acid amplification tests or by the detection of the viral protein for active infections. Subsequently, we will provide an overview of serological tests that can aid not only in diagnosis but additionally help to identify prior infections and potential immunity.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Clinical and translational science (Online)", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0011982887517660856" }, { "Doc_id": "66192ajk", "Title": "INSIGHT: a scalable isothermal NASBA-based platform for COVID-19 diagnosis", "Abstract": "We present here INSIGHT (Isothermal NASBA-Sequencing based hIGH-througput Test): a two-stage COVID-19 testing strategy, using a combination of an isothermal NASBA reaction and next generation sequencing. From commercially acquired human saliva with spiked-in viral RNA as input, the first stage employs isothermal amplification of viral RNA to give a rapid result in one to two hours, using either fluorescence detection or a dipstick readout, whilst simultaneously incorporating sample-specific barcodes into the amplification product. In the first stage, fluorescent viral RNA detection can be consistently achieved at 10-100 copies per 20 l reaction. The second stage pools post-amplification barcoded products from multiple samples for scalable sequencing that could be centralised, to further improve the accuracy of the test in a massively parallel way. Our two-stage testing strategy is suitable for further development into a home-based or point-of-care assay, and is potentially scalable to population level. IMPORTANT This protocol has not been validated on patient samples and should not be used for clinical diagnosis without further validation and certification. ***This is ongoing research to develop a testing strategy for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The Wellcome Sanger Institute is not in a position to develop this into a commercial product, but would be open to discussions with third parties about how they could develop this further to achieve the societal benefits of this work.***", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "bioRxiv", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-06-02", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.06.01.127019", "Rel_score": "-0.0012194823939353228" }, { "Doc_id": "ygcksgpg", "Title": "Molecular Diagnosis of COVID-19: Challenges and Research Needs", "Abstract": "[Image: see text] Molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 primarily relies on the detection of RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative infectious agent of the pandemic. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) enables sensitive detection of specific sequences of genes that encode the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins of the virus. Although RT-PCR tests have been widely used and many alternative assays have been developed, the current testing capacity and availability cannot meet the unprecedented global demands for rapid, reliable, and widely accessible molecular diagnosis. Challenges remain throughout the entire analytical process, from the collection and treatment of specimens to the amplification and detection of viral RNA and the validation of clinical sensitivity and specificity. We highlight the main issues surrounding molecular diagnosis of COVID-19, including false negatives from the detection of viral RNA, temporal variations of viral loads, selection and treatment of specimens, and limiting factors in detecting viral proteins. We discuss critical research needs, such as improvements in RT-PCR, development of alternative nucleic acid amplification techniques, incorporating CRISPR technology for point-of-care (POC) applications, validation of POC tests, and sequencing of viral RNA and its mutations. Improved assays are also needed for environmental surveillance or wastewater-based epidemiology, which gauges infection on the community level through analyses of viral components in the communitys wastewater. Public health surveillance benefits from large-scale analyses of antibodies in serum, although the current serological tests do not quantify neutralizing antibodies. Further advances in analytical technology and research through multidisciplinary collaboration will contribute to the development of mitigation strategies, therapeutics, and vaccines. Lessons learned from molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 are valuable for better preparedness in response to other infectious diseases.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Anal Chem", "pmcid": "PMC7346719", "pubmed_id": "32573207", "publish_time": "2020-06-23", "DOI": "10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02060", "Rel_score": "-0.0012244831304997206" }, { "Doc_id": "5t38x587", "Title": "Low-Cost and High-Throughput Testing of COVID-19 Viruses and Antibodies via Compressed Sensing: System Concepts and Computational Experiments", "Abstract": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic infectious disease outbreak that has significantly harmed and threatened the health and lives of millions or even billions of people. COVID-19 has also negatively impacted the social and economic activities of many countries significantly. With no approved vaccine available at this moment, extensive testing of COVID-19 viruses in people are essential for disease diagnosis, virus spread confinement, contact tracing, and determining right conditions for people to return to normal economic activities. Identifying people who have antibodies for COVID-19 can also help select persons who are suitable for undertaking certain essential activities or returning to workforce. However, the throughputs of current testing technologies for COVID-19 viruses and antibodies are often quite limited, which are not sufficient for dealing with COVID-19 viruses' anticipated fast oscillating waves of spread affecting a significant portion of the earth's population. In this paper, we propose to use compressed sensing (group testing can be seen as a special case of compressed sensing when it is applied to COVID-19 detection) to achieve high-throughput rapid testing of COVID-19 viruses and antibodies, which can potentially provide tens or even more folds of speedup compared with current testing technologies. The proposed compressed sensing system for high-throughput testing can utilize expander graph based compressed sensing matrices developed by us \\cite{Weiyuexpander2007}.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of COVID-19 tests: Genetic (or molecular) tests, antigen tests, and antibody tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An increase in rapid testing could help stop the spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "people can test themselves for COVID-19 by attempting to hold their breath for 10 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Will holding your breath for 10 seconds reveal if you have coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Holding your breath for 10 seconds every day can self-check for COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can self-check for coronavirus by holding your breath for 10 seconds", "label": "" }, { "claim": "you can hold your breath for 10 seconds and not cough or experience discomfort, then you can't have the virus because there is no COVID-19- related damage (fibrosis) in the lungs.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "We have three main types of tests: molecular and antigen (diagnostic) and antibody (serological).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid diagnostic test (Some molecular tests are also rapid tests.)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "PCR test. This COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also called a molecular test, a health care worker collects fluid from a nasal or throat swab or from saliva. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed onsite or a few days - or longer in locations with test processing delays - if sent to an outside lab.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral (nucleic acid or antigen) tests check samples from the respiratory system (such as nasal or oral swabs or saliva) to determine whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is present.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Viral tests are recommended to diagnose acute infection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, to guide contact tracing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is not a lone testing approach that is going to meet every need and solve every problem", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The 3 types of COVID-19 tests are a molecular (PCR) test, antigen (\"rapid\") test, and an antibody (blood) test.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "there are a couple of ways to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "RNA tests are highly sensitive. These tests can remain positive even after somebody is no longer sick and no longer shedding virus that can infect other people,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen tests, by contrast, are generally quick and cheap but often less accurate than RNA tests for detecting the novel coronavirus. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Molecular test (aka RNA or PCR test) These diagnostic tests are considered the most sensitive for detecting an active infection, and the results are highly accurate. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antigen test (aka rapid test) This type of diagnostic test is often called a rapid test because the turnaround time is much quicker than an RNA test. It's also cheaper to produce. As a result, antigen tests are being used to screen large numbers of people, like at airports, a recent article in the journal Nature points out.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "So, which tests to use? The many types of tests available are sowing considerable confusion.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unfortunately, because this novel coronavirus is indeed novel, and COVID-19 is a new disease, information about these tests is incomplete and the options for testing keep changing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are currently two different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: molecular tests that detect the virus's genetic material and antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.Alaska only accepts the molecular-based test type.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are 2 types of COVID-19 testing: Virus Testing and Antibody Testing. Virus testing is the type that tells you if you currently have COVID-19. These tests are typically done using a nasal swab, oral swab, or saliva sample, and then sent to a lab. Virus testing is sometimes also called PCR\" testing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "One type are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, a molecular diagnostic testing technique that detects the genetic material from the virus and can help diagnose an active COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Most COVID-19 Patients Suffer These 3 Symptoms (ETNT Health) The other manner in which samples are processed is a rapid antigen test, which is usually done on-site", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The test has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any other viruses or pathogens, and is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostic tests for detection and/or diagnosis of COVID-19 under Section 564(b)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Rapid tests changes colour when particular molecules are detected. It is the presence of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in a sample that determines whether the virus is present or not.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort does not mean you are free from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or any other lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Which Sample Is Best for COVID-19 Testing? While it's still too early for a definitive answer to which sample type allows for the most accurate test results, a May 19 pre-print of a meta-analysis of 11 studies found that sputum testing was the most effective, identifying 71% of positive cases.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Facing one of the biggest downturns in international air travel and tourism amid a still surging coronavirus pandemic, Caribbean nations and airlines are hoping rapid COVID-19 testing will help them lure travelers back.", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-04-13", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0012346034636721015" } ] }, { "Topic_ID": "7", "Question": "are there blood tests that detect antibodies to coronavirus?", "Relevant_docs": [ { "Doc_id": "maa43hpn", "Title": "Validation and Performance Comparison of Three SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assays", "Abstract": "Serology testing of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is increasingly being used during the current pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical and epidemiologic utilities of antibody-based SARS-CoV-2 testing are under debate. Characterizing these assays helps to understand the disease and provides scientific basis for deciding how to best use these assays. The study assessed one chemiluminescent assay (Abbott COVID-2 IgG) and two lateral flow assays (STANDARD Q [SQ] IgM/IgG Duo and Wondfo Total Antibody Test). Validation included 113 blood samples from 71 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients and 1182 samples from negative controls with potential interferences/cross-reactions, including 1063 pre-pandemic samples. IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detected as early as post-symptom onset days 3-4. IgG antibodies were first detected post-onset days 5-6 by SQ assays. The detection rates increased gradually, and SQ IgG, Abbott IgG and Wondfo Total detected antibodies from all the PCR-confirmed patients 14 days after symptom onset. Overall agreements between SQ IgM/IgG and Wondfo Total was 88.5% and between SQ IgG and Abbott IgG was 94.6% (Kappa = 0.75, 0.89). No cross-reaction with other endemic coronavirus infections were identified. Viral hepatitis and autoimmune samples were the main cross-reactions observed. However, the interferences/cross-reactions were low. The specificities were 100% for SQ IgG and Wondfo Total and 99.62% for Abbott IgG and 98.87% for SQ IgM. These findings demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity of appropriately validated antibody-based SARS-CoV-2 assays with implications for clinical use and epidemiological seroprevalence studies.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "bioRxiv", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-05-30", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.05.29.124776", "Rel_score": "-0.003739390056580305" }, { "Doc_id": "qjma4rsp", "Title": "Immunological assays for SARS-CoV-2: an analysis of available commercial tests to measure antigen and antibodies", "Abstract": "The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection has led to the development of molecular and serologic tests in a short period of time. While tests such as RT-PCR have applications in the immediate diagnosis revealing the presence of the virus, serological tests can be used to determine previous exposure to the virus and complement acute diagnosis. Antibody production can occur as early as 5 days post-infection. Both IgM and IgG specific anti-SARS-COV-2 antibodies can be a useful tool to test faster and larger groups of individuals. The objective of this study was to carry out a review of the different serological tests offered to detect antigen or antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. This information should be useful for decision takers in different countries to choose a test according to their needs. Based on web pages that listed serological assays, we found 226 coming from 20 countries, the majority are indirect tests for specific antibodies detection (n 180) and use immunochromatography methods (n 110) with samples coming from blood-derived products (n 105). Measuring IgM/IgG at the same time (n 112) and a procedure time of <20 min (n 83) are the most common. The overall average sensitivity was 91.8% and specificity was 97%. Most of the tests are currently for in vitro diagnosis (IVD). This information gathered could change day by day due to the expedite process of production and emergency of authorization use.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-04-14", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.04.10.20061150", "Rel_score": "-0.00390944629907608" }, { "Doc_id": "gbyyehbu", "Title": "Detection of human coronavirus 229E-specific antibodies using recombinant fusion proteins", "Abstract": "Abstract Human coronaviruses are known to be a common cause of respiratory infections in man. However, the diagnosis of human coronavirus infections is not carried out routinely, primarily because the isolation and propagation of these viruses in tissue culture is difficult and time consuming. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of recombinant, bacterial expressed proteins in the serodiagnosis of coronavirus infections. Two proteins were examined: the human coronavirus 229E nucleocapsid protein (N), expressed as a fusion protein in the vector pUR and the coronavirus 229E surface glycoprotein (S), expressed as a fusion protein in the vector pROS. The recombinant proteins were used as antigens in Western blot (WB) assays to detect the 229E-specific IgG antibodies and the results were compared with a standard serological method, indirect immunofluorescence. Serum samples of 51 paediatric patients, suffering from acute respiratory illness, and 10 adults, voluntarily infected with human coronavirus, were tested. The serum samples of the adult group had coronavirus-specific IgG antibodies in both test systems. In contrast, only 8 51 sera of the paediatric group were positive for coronavirus-specific IgG by both WB and IF and 20 51 sera were positive by WB, but not by IF. The overall incidence of human coronavirus infections in the paediatric age group was 55% evaluated by WB analysis and 16% evaluated by IF. This study shows that recombinant human coronavirus 229E proteins are suitable reagents for the epidemiological screening of coronavirus 229E infections.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Journal of Virological Methods", "pmcid": "PMC7119838", "pubmed_id": "8537456", "publish_time": "1995-10-31", "DOI": "10.1016/0166-0934(95)00041-r", "Rel_score": "-0.00482110446318984" }, { "Doc_id": "80q50tf6", "Title": "Viral aetiology of enzootic pneumonia in Danish dairy herds: diagnostic tools and epidemiology.", "Abstract": "Ten outbreaks of calf respiratory disease in Danish dairy herds were investigated by lung lavage, and in eight of the herds paired blood samples were tested serologically. In six of the 10 herds bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) antigen was detected in the lung lavage fluids. In only one calf was coronavirus and BRSV detected simultaneously. The paired blood samples confirmed that four of the herds were BRSV-infected, and in one herd the BRSV infection was diagnosed by the paired blood samples alone. Significant increases in antibody titres against coronavirus were observed in two herds, both in combination with other virological agents. No adenovirus antigen was detected in any of the lavage samples, but in two herds a significant increase in antibody titres against adenovirus was observed. Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus was not detected in the lung lavage fluids, and in four of the herds, no antibodies to PI-3 were detected. In three herds no viral involvement could be found. The findings suggest that BRSV may be an important causative agent in calf respiratory disease in Denmark, even in very young calves.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "The Veterinary record", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "8856889", "publish_time": "1996", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.004834154155105352" }, { "Doc_id": "k6wkpmpn", "Title": "Use of recombinant nucleocapsid proteins for serological diagnosis of feline coronavirus infection by three immunochromatographic tests", "Abstract": "Abstract Three types of immunochromatographic assays (ICAs) were designed to detect anti-feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies. Recombinant FCoV nucleocapsid protein (rNP) was used as a conjugate or test line in all 3 ICA kits (CJIgG/TNP, CJNP/TNP, and CJNP/TPA). All three ICA kits were capable of detecting anti-FCoV antibodies; however, non-specific positive reactions of anti-FCoV antibody-negative plasma samples with the test line were observed in 2 ICA kits (CJIgG/TNP and CJNP/TNP), in which rNP was used as the test line. On the other hand, the specific detection of anti-FCoV antibodies was possible in all plasma, serum, whole blood, and ascitic fluid samples using the ICA kit with protein A blotted as the test line (CJNP/TPA). In addition, the specificity and sensitivity of ICA (CJNP/TPA) were equivalent to those of the reference ELISA. The development of simple antibody test methods using the principle of ICA (CJNP/TPA) for other coronavirus and feline viral infections is expected in the future.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Journal of Virological Methods", "pmcid": "PMC7113643", "pubmed_id": "24516876", "publish_time": "2014-02-28", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.014", "Rel_score": "-0.004843052010983229" }, { "Doc_id": "wfy5kz63", "Title": "Serological Diagnosis of Feline Coronavirus Infection by Immunochromatographic Test", "Abstract": "The immunochromatographic assay (ICA) is a simple antibodyantigen detection method, the results of which can be rapidly obtained at a low cost. We designed an ICA to detect anti-feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies. A colloidal gold-labeled recombinant FCoV nucleocapsid protein (rNP) is used as a conjugate. The Protein A and affinity-purified cat anti-FCoV IgG are blotted on the test line and the control line, respectively, of the nitrocellulose membrane. The specific detection of anti-FCoV antibodies was possible in all heparin-anticoagulated plasma, serum, whole blood, and ascitic fluid samples from anti-FCoV antibody positive cats, and nonspecific reaction was not noted in samples from anti-FCoV antibody negative cats.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Coronaviruses", "pmcid": "PMC7122596", "pubmed_id": "25720468", "publish_time": "2014-12-18", "DOI": "10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_3", "Rel_score": "-0.005054790060967207" }, { "Doc_id": "zo9uzk52", "Title": "Serologic and Molecular Biologic Methods for SARS-associated Coronavirus Infection, Taiwan", "Abstract": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has raised a global alert since March 2003. After its causative agent, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), was confirmed, laboratory methods, including virus isolation, reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and serologic methods, have been quickly developed. In this study, we evaluated four serologic tests ( neutralization test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], immunofluorescent assay [IFA], and immunochromatographic test [ICT]) for detecting antibodies to SARS-CoV in sera of 537 probable SARS case-patients with correlation to the RT-PCR . With the neutralization test as a reference method, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 98.2%, 98.7%, 98.7%, and 98.4% for ELISA; 99.1%, 87.8%, 88.1% and 99.1% for IFA; 33.6%, 98.2%, 95.7%, and 56.1% for ICT, respectively. We also compared the recombinant-based western blot with the whole virusbased IFA and ELISA; the data showed a high correlation between these methods, with an overall agreement of >90%. Our results provide a systematic analysis of serologic and molecular methods for evaluating SARS-CoV infection.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Emerg Infect Dis", "pmcid": "PMC3322922", "pubmed_id": "15030702", "publish_time": "2004-02-16", "DOI": "10.3201/eid1002.030731", "Rel_score": "-0.005069971550256014" }, { "Doc_id": "j083hy74", "Title": "Detection of feline coronavirus infection in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) by polymerase chain reaction.", "Abstract": "Feline coronavirus genetic elements were detected by polymerase chain reaction from blood, fecal samples, and effusive fluid collected from 33 cheetahs in the U.S.A. Feline coronavirus-specific serum antibodies were also measured by indirect immunofluorescence. Ten cheetahs were positive for viral shedding by polymerase chain reaction, whereas 13 were seropositive by immunofluorescence. Results of serology did not consistently correlate with shedding of virus, and the capture antigen used for detection of feline coronavirus-specific antibodies had a significant impact on results. Testing of samples from one population over a 1-yr period indicated chronic infection in some animals. These relatively healthy carrier animals were a source of virus for contact animals. Screening programs in cheetah populations for feline coronavirus infection may be most reliable if a combination of serologic analysis and viral detection by polymerase chain reaction is used.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "12790391", "publish_time": "2001", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.005669466219842434" }, { "Doc_id": "77rcr30x", "Title": "Review of Current Advances in Serologic Testing for COVID-19", "Abstract": "OBJECTIVES: To examine and summarize the current literature on serologic methods for the detection of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: A literature review was performed using searches in databases including PubMed, medRxiv, and bioRxiv. Thirty-two peer-reviewed papers and 23 preprints were examined. RESULTS: The studies included lateral flow immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescence immunoassay, and neutralizing antibody assays. The use of all major SARS-CoV-2 antigens was demonstrated to have diagnostic value. Assays measuring total antibody reactivity had the highest sensitivity. In addition, all the methods provided opportunities to characterize the humoral immune response by isotype. The combined use of IgM and IgG detection resulted in a higher sensitivity than that observed when detecting either isotype alone. Although IgA was rarely studied, it was also demonstrated to be a sensitive marker of infection, and levels correlated with disease severity and neutralizing activity. CONCLUSIONS: The use of serologic testing, in conjunction with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing, was demonstrated to significantly increase the sensitivity of detection of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. There was conflicting evidence regarding whether antibody titers correlated with clinical severity. However, preliminary investigations indicated some immunoassays may be a surrogate for the prediction of neutralizing antibody titers and the selection of recovered patients for convalescent serum donation.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Am. j. clin. pathol", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.005804350133985281" }, { "Doc_id": "kaku49xd", "Title": "Review of Current Advances in Serologic Testing for COVID-19", "Abstract": "OBJECTIVES: To examine and summarize the current literature on serologic methods for the detection of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: A literature review was performed using searches in databases including PubMed, medRxiv, and bioRxiv. Thirty-two peer-reviewed papers and 23 preprints were examined. RESULTS: The studies included lateral flow immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescence immunoassay, and neutralizing antibody assays. The use of all major SARS-CoV-2 antigens was demonstrated to have diagnostic value. Assays measuring total antibody reactivity had the highest sensitivity. In addition, all the methods provided opportunities to characterize the humoral immune response by isotype. The combined use of IgM and IgG detection resulted in a higher sensitivity than that observed when detecting either isotype alone. Although IgA was rarely studied, it was also demonstrated to be a sensitive marker of infection, and levels correlated with disease severity and neutralizing activity. CONCLUSIONS: The use of serologic testing, in conjunction with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing, was demonstrated to significantly increase the sensitivity of detection of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. There was conflicting evidence regarding whether antibody titers correlated with clinical severity. However, preliminary investigations indicated some immunoassays may be a surrogate for the prediction of neutralizing antibody titers and the selection of recovered patients for convalescent serum donation.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "a new serology laboratory test has been developed to assist with efforts to determine how much of the U.S. population has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 antibody tests can help identify people who may have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or have recovered from the COVID-19 infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A COVID-19 antibody test, also known as a serology test, is a blood test that can detect if a person has antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology testing for SARS-CoV-2 is at increased demand in order to better quantify the number of cases of COVID-19 including those that may be asymptomatic or have recovered.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests are blood-based tests that can be used to identify whether people have been exposed to a particular pathogen by looking at their immune response.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 Testing: PCR Versus Serology There are two types of tests available for COVID-19 that can detect whether a person had it in the past (serology testing, which tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), or whether they have it in the present (polymerase chain reaction", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests should not be used to diagnose a current COVID-19 infection, except in instances in which viral testing is delayed.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "An antibody test may not show if you have a current COVID-19 infection because it can take 1-3 weeks after infection for your body to make antibodies.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are three types of tests available for COVID-19: molecular, antigen, and antibody (serology) testing. Molecular and antigen tests detect whether a person is currently infected, and serology detects whether a person had an infection in the past.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serologic testing can be offered as a method to support diagnosis of acute COVID-19 illness for persons who present late.* ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "For persons who present 9-14 days after illness onset, serologic testing can be offered in addition to recommended viral direct detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection tests.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Unlike a test designed to diagnose an active COVID-19 infection (specifically from the SARS-CoV-2 virus), serological tests can help identify individuals who have developed an immune response to the virus, either as part of an active infection or a prior infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "This strategy includes using serology testing for surveillance to better understand how many infections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred including conducting large-scale geographic surveys,", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests could play a role in the fight against COVID-19 by helping healthcare professionals identify individuals who may have developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological test for COVID-19 This blood test checks for the presence of antibodies resulting from past or recent exposure to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To date, the scientific community still knows very little about immunity to COVID-19 and there is currently no test to ensure that the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are several ways to test for the new strain of coronavirus. Most are either molecular or serological tests. Molecular tests. Molecular tests look for signs of an active infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This is largely because of variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Scientists do not believe in serology testing", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The serological tests which rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "From PCR for diagnostics of acute cases to serological tests for differentiated detection of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes against different SARS-CoV-2 antigens we provide you with the appropriate tools to answer your diagnostic question.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is a critical, global need for serology assays that can complement nucleic acid (PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Although critically important, PCR tests are only positive during the brief window of acute infection, after which they become negative.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In contrast, serological tests look for specific antibodies that the body has produced to fight the virus. \"If they detect those antibodies, [the test] gives a positive result", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Serology tests that measure coronavirus antibodies could restart society, but this will require accurate, widespread testing and more information about immunity.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These serology tests aren't aimed primarily at people who currently have the disease caused by the coronavirus, but anyone who has ever had it - those who were very sick and got better, those who had mild symptoms they mistook for something else and those who never felt sick at all. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "erological Tests Serological tests measure the amount of antibodies or proteins present in the blood when the body is responding to a specific infection, like COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "serological test for COVID-19 has not been authorized", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Antibody tests used to determine if people have been infected in the past with Covid-19 might be wrong up to half the time", "label": "" }, { "claim": "A different kind of test determines whether someone has previously been infected with the coronavirus. Called serological tests, these look for blood antibodies - proteins produced by the immune ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests aret always accurate,", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Am J Clin Pathol", "pmcid": "PMC7337672", "pubmed_id": "32583852", "publish_time": "2020-06-25", "DOI": "10.1093/ajcp/aqaa112", "Rel_score": "-0.005804350133985281" } ] }, { "Topic_ID": "8", "Question": "has testing availability lead to underreporting of COVID-19?", "Relevant_docs": [ { "Doc_id": "ss2y3ehw", "Title": "Review of Chest Radiograph Findings of COVID-19 Pneumonia and Suggested Reporting Language.", "Abstract": "The diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The utility of chest radiography (CXR) remains an evolving topic of discussion. Current reports of CXR findings related to COVID-19 contain varied terminology as well as various assessments of its sensitivity and specificity. This can lead to a misunderstanding of CXR reports and makes comparison between examinations and research studies challenging. With this need for consistency, we propose language for standardized CXR reporting and severity assessment of persons under investigation for having COVID-19, patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, and patients who may have radiographic findings typical or suggestive of COVID-19 when the diagnosis is not suspected clinically. We recommend contacting the referring providers to discuss the likelihood of viral infection when typical or indeterminate features of COVID-19 pneumonia on CXR are present as an incidental finding. In addition, we summarize the currently available literature related to the use of CXR for COVID-19 and discuss the evolving techniques of obtaining CXR in COVID-19-positive patients. The recently published expert consensus statement on reporting chest computed tomography findings related to COVID-19, endorsed by the Radiological Society of North American (RSNA), the Society of Thoracic Radiology (STR), and American College of Radiology (ACR), serves as the framework for our proposal.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Journal of thoracic imaging", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "32520846", "publish_time": "2020-06-09", "DOI": "10.1097/rti.0000000000000541", "Rel_score": "-0.0017389428103342652" }, { "Doc_id": "zkl5opro", "Title": "Review of Chest Radiograph Findings of COVID-19 Pneumonia and Suggested Reporting Language", "Abstract": "The diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The utility of chest radiography (CXR) remains an evolving topic of discussion. Current reports of CXR findings related to COVID-19 contain varied terminology as well as various assessments of its sensitivity and specificity. This can lead to a misunderstanding of CXR reports and makes comparison between examinations and research studies challenging. With this need for consistency, we propose language for standardized CXR reporting and severity assessment of persons under investigation for having COVID-19, patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, and patients who may have radiographic findings typical or suggestive of COVID-19 when the diagnosis is not suspected clinically. We recommend contacting the referring providers to discuss the likelihood of viral infection when typical or indeterminate features of COVID-19 pneumonia on CXR are present as an incidental finding. In addition, we summarize the currently available literature related to the use of CXR for COVID-19 and discuss the evolving techniques of obtaining CXR in COVID-19-positive patients. The recently published expert consensus statement on reporting chest computed tomography findings related to COVID-19, endorsed by the Radiological Society of North American (RSNA), the Society of Thoracic Radiology (STR), and American College of Radiology (ACR), serves as the framework for our proposal.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "J. thorac imaging", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0017871374730020761" }, { "Doc_id": "6ocajatf", "Title": "Reporting of D-dimer data in COVID-19: some confusion and potential for misinformation.", "Abstract": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a new pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A previous pooled analysis clearly identified elevated D-dimer levels as being associated with severity of COVID-19. Since then, several other studies have provided clearer support for this initial evidence. However, potentially under-recognized by those reporting on D-dimer is the considerable variation in reporting units for D-dimer, and thus also the potential for misreporting of D-dimer data based on poor or incomplete reporting. A PubMed search was used to identify recent papers reporting on D-dimers in COVID-19-based studies. We report that: (1) most publications did not identify either the manufacturer or D-dimer product used; (2) most did not identify whether D-dimer values were reported as D-dimer units (DDU) or fibrinogen equivalent units (FEU) (~2 differences); (3) nearly half did not identify normal cut-off values; (4) some did not report numerical findings or units for D-dimer; (5) where reported, most identified units as either mg/L or g/mL; (6) we identified at least four errors in reporting from 21 papers. It may not be possible to truly standardize D-dimer assays, but it should be feasible to harmonize D-dimer assays to a single unit of measurement.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "32432563", "publish_time": "2020-05-20", "DOI": "10.1515/cclm-2020-0573", "Rel_score": "-0.0018233117880299687" }, { "Doc_id": "xe62fehm", "Title": "Reporting of D-dimer data in COVID-19: some confusion and potential for misinformation", "Abstract": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a new pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A previous pooled analysis clearly identified elevated D-dimer levels as being associated with severity of COVID-19. Since then, several other studies have provided clearer support for this initial evidence. However, potentially under-recognized by those reporting on D-dimer is the considerable variation in reporting units for D-dimer, and thus also the potential for misreporting of D-dimer data based on poor or incomplete reporting. A PubMed search was used to identify recent papers reporting on D-dimers in COVID-19-based studies. We report that: (1) most publications did not identify either the manufacturer or D-dimer product used; (2) most did not identify whether D-dimer values were reported as D-dimer units (DDU) or fibrinogen equivalent units (FEU) (~2 differences); (3) nearly half did not identify normal cut-off values; (4) some did not report numerical findings or units for D-dimer; (5) where reported, most identified units as either mg/L or g/mL; (6) we identified at least four errors in reporting from 21 papers. It may not be possible to truly standardize D-dimer assays, but it should be feasible to harmonize D-dimer assays to a single unit of measurement.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Clin Chem Lab Med", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0018294993788003922" }, { "Doc_id": "5w1q57v2", "Title": "COVID-19 coronavirus research has overall low methodological quality thus far: case in point for chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine", "Abstract": "OBJECTIVES/BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prior epidemics of high-mortality human coronaviruses, such as the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-1) in 2003, have driven the characterization of compounds that could be possibly active against the currently emerging novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Presently, no approved treatment or prophylaxis is available for COVID-19. We comment on the existing COVID-19 research methodologies in general and the published reporting. Given the media attention and claims of effectiveness, we chose chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, in combination with azithromycin, as an area of COVID-19 research to examine. METHODS/STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases were searched from 2019 to present (April 3rd, 2020) using a mix of keywords such as COVID-19 and chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. We also searched the largest clinical medicine preprint repository, medRxiv.org. RESULTS: We found 6 studies, 3 randomized control trials and 3 observational studies, focusing on chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (with azithromycin). We critically appraised the evidence. CONCLUSION: We found that the COVID-19 research methodology is very poor in the area of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine research. In screening the literature, we observed the same across COVID-19 research in relation to potential treatments. The reporting is very poor and sparse, and patient-important outcomes needed to discern decision-making priorities are not reported. We do understand the barriers to perform rigorous research in health care settings overwhelmed by a novel deadly disease. However, this emergency pandemic situation does not transform flawed methods and data into credible results. The adequately powered, comparative, and robust clinical research that is needed for optimal evidence-informed decision-making remains absent in COVID-19.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "J Clin Epidemiol", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0018663860391825438" }, { "Doc_id": "8hssx4dy", "Title": "COVID-19 coronavirus research has overall low methodological quality thus far: case in point for chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine", "Abstract": "OBJECTIVES/BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prior epidemics of high-mortality human coronaviruses, such as the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-1) in 2003, have driven the characterization of compounds that could be possibly active against the currently emerging novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Presently, no approved treatment or prophylaxis is available for COVID-19. We comment on the existing COVID-19 research methodologies in general and the published reporting. Given the media attention and claims of effectiveness, we chose chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, in combination with azithromycin, as an area of COVID-19 research to examine. METHODS/STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases were searched from 2019 to present (April 3rd, 2020) using a mix of keywords such as COVID-19 and chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. We also searched the largest clinical medicine preprint repository, medRxiv.org. RESULTS: We found 6 studies, 3 randomized control trials and 3 observational studies, focusing on chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (with azithromycin). We critically appraised the evidence. CONCLUSION: We found that the COVID-19 research methodology is very poor in the area of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine research. In screening the literature, we observed the same across COVID-19 research in relation to potential treatments. The reporting is very poor and sparse, and patient-important outcomes needed to discern decision-making priorities are not reported. We do understand the barriers to perform rigorous research in health care settings overwhelmed by a novel deadly disease. However, this emergency pandemic situation does not transform flawed methods and data into credible results. The adequately powered, comparative, and robust clinical research that is needed for optimal evidence-informed decision-making remains absent in COVID-19.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "J Clin Epidemiol", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0018663860391825438" }, { "Doc_id": "k58ytmul", "Title": "Oral erosions and petechiae during SARSCoV2 infection", "Abstract": "An increasing number of reports have been written regarding the cutaneous manifestations during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), though knowledge of the possible oral manifestations is still poor. This may be due to a lack of intraoral examinations, which may be caused by a limited availability of the recommended protective measures and the use of telemedical consultations for SARS-CoV-2 infections. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "J Med Virol", "pmcid": "PMC7362051", "pubmed_id": "32579237", "publish_time": "2020-07-06", "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.26221", "Rel_score": "-0.002003330737352371" }, { "Doc_id": "eghlkbjo", "Title": "Association of chemosensory dysfunction and COVID-19 in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms", "Abstract": "BACKGROUND: Rapid spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and concern for viral transmission by ambulatory patients with minimal to no symptoms underline the importance of identifying early or subclinical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Two such candidate symptoms include anecdotally reported loss of smell and taste. Understanding the timing and association of smell/taste loss in COVID-19 may help facilitate screening and early isolation of cases. METHODS: A single-institution, cross-sectional study evaluating patient-reported symptoms with a focus on smell and taste was conducted using an internet-based platform on adult subjects who underwent testing for COVID-19. Logistic regression was employed to identify symptoms associated with COVID-19 positivity. RESULTS: A total of 1480 patients with influenza-like symptoms underwent COVID-19 testing between March 3, 2020, and March 29, 2020. Our study captured 59 of 102 (58%) COVID-19-positive patients and 203 of 1378 (15%) COVID-19-negative patients. Smell and taste loss were reported in 68% (40/59) and 71% (42/59) of COVID-19-positive subjects, respectively, compared to 16% (33/203) and 17% (35/203) of COVID-19-negative patients (p < 0.001). Smell and taste impairment were independently and strongly associated with COVID-19 positivity (anosmia: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 10.9; 95% CI, 5.08-23.5; ageusia: aOR 10.2; 95% CI, 4.74-22.1), whereas sore throat was associated with COVID-19 negativity (aOR 0.23; 95% CI, 0.11-0.50). Of patients who reported COVID-19-associated loss of smell, 74% (28/38) reported resolution of anosmia with clinical resolution of illness. CONCLUSION: In ambulatory individuals with influenza-like symptoms, chemosensory dysfunction was strongly associated with COVID-19 infection and should be considered when screening symptoms. Most will recover chemosensory function within weeks, paralleling resolution of other disease-related symptoms.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Int Forum Allergy Rhinol", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0023701691534370184" }, { "Doc_id": "6sjw1ioe", "Title": "Lung ultrasound in the monitoring of COVID-19 infection.", "Abstract": "INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are the most common severe complications. There is growing evidence regarding the imaging findings of COVID-19 in chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans; however, their availability to clinical staff in this pandemic outbreak might be compromised. At this moment, the role of lung ultrasound (LUS) has yet to be explored. The purpose of this case report is to describe the natural course of the disease in mild infection managed at home. CASE REPORT We report a 35-year-old man with recently diagnosed COVID-19 infection. Clinical examination was unremarkable. The diagnosis of mild disease was made clinically which was later reaffirmed by LUS after identifying a bilateral small pleural effusion and a thickened pleural line. During follow up, subpleural consolidations appeared before symptoms slightly aggravated (cough, tiredness and fever). The patient's condition improved after adjustment of therapy at home. CONCLUSION LUS is an excellent tool in the characterisation of COVID-19 infection and is more available than CT or X-ray. We emphasise the utility and the opportunity that LUS presents in some clinical scenarios, like this COVID-19 pandemic, and how it may serve as a monitoring and therapy guide.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Clinical medicine", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "32398268", "publish_time": "2020-05-12", "DOI": "10.7861/clinmed.2020-0123", "Rel_score": "-0.0026324877981096506" }, { "Doc_id": "mqp3pjx6", "Title": "COVID-19 is a Real Headache!", "Abstract": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. However, other manifestations such as headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell were added to the clinical spectrum, during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. The reports on the neurological findings are increasing rapidly and headache seems to be the leader on the symptom list. Headache was reported in 11%-34% of the hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but clinical features of these headaches were totally missing in available publications. According to our initial experience, significant features of headache presentation in the symptomatic COVID-19 patients were new-onset, moderate-severe, bilateral headache with pulsating or pressing quality in the temporoparietal, forehead or periorbital region. The most striking features of the headache were sudden to gradual onset and poor response to common analgesics, or high relapse rate, that was limited to the active phase of the COVID-19. Symptomatic COVID-19 patients, around 6%-10%, also reported headache as a presenting symptom. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms of headache include activation of peripheral trigeminal nerve endings by the SARS-CoV-2 directly or through the vasculopathy and/or increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia. We concluded that as a common non-respiratory symptom of COVID-19, headache should not be overlooked, and its characteristics should be recorded with scrutiny.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to less cases of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "ignoring antigen results could lead to gross underreporting of fresh Covid-19 cases", "label": "" }, { "claim": "less testing will ultimately lead to more cases of COVID-19 as people unknowingly transmit the disease to others perhaps chalking up their shortness of breath to asthma", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Results of COVID-19 antibody tests may not always be accurate, especially if the test was done too soon after infection or the test quality is questionable.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "While antibody testing is paramount to the United States reopening safely, some experts are concerned about the abundance of tests not authorized by the FDA..", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Testing negative for the coronavirus isn't a guarantee that you don't have COVID-19", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Headache", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.0026429505087435246" } ] }, { "Topic_ID": "10", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Relevant_docs": [ { "Doc_id": "pn02p843", "Title": "U.S. county level analysis to determine If social distancing slowed the spread of COVID-19", "Abstract": "OBJECTIVE. To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.). METHODS. A novel cell-phone ping data was used to quantify the measures of social distancing by all U.S. counties. RESULTS. Using a difference-in-difference approach results show that social distancing has been effective in slowing the spread of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS. As policymakers face the very difficult question of the necessity and effectiveness of social distancing across the U.S., counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19. These results might help policymakers to make the public understand the risks and benefits of the lockdown.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "C" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Rev Panam Salud Publica", "pmcid": "PMC7334824", "pubmed_id": "32636878", "publish_time": "2020-07-06", "DOI": "10.26633/rpsp.2020.90", "Rel_score": "-0.0008152975351549685" }, { "Doc_id": "tkajjrri", "Title": "SHELTER IN PLACE ORDER CONTAINED COVID-19 GROWTH RATE IN GREECE", "Abstract": "Background: The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate. Objectives: To estimate the effect of the two-stage strong social distancing measures, the closure of all non-essential shopping centers and businesses on March 16 and the shelter in place orders (SIPOs) on March 23 on the COVID-19 growth rate in Greece Methods: We obtained data on COVID-19 cases in Greece from February 26th through May 4th from publicly available sources. An interrupted time-series regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of the measures on the exponential growth of confirmed COVID-19 cases, controlling for the number of daily testing, and weekly fixed-effects. Results: The growth rate of the COVID-19 cases in the pre-policies implementation period was positive as expected (p=0.003). Based on the estimates of the interrupted time-series, our results indicate that the SIPO on March 23 significantly slowed the growth rate of COVID-19 in Greece (p=0.04). However, we did not find evidence on the effectiveness of standalone and partial measures such as the non-essential business closures implemented on March 16 on the COVID-19 spread reduction. Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate. These findings provide evidence and highlight the effectiveness of these measures to flatten the curve and to slow the spread of the virus.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "C" } ] }, { "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-06-09", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.06.08.20125666", "Rel_score": "-0.0008789013954810798" }, { "Doc_id": "fmgj3noh", "Title": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Abstract": "This phenomenological study assesses the impacts of full lockdown strategies applied in Italy, France, Spain and United Kingdom, on the slowdown of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak. Comparing the trajectory of the epidemic before and after the lockdown, we find no evidence of any discontinuity in the growth rate, doubling time, and reproduction number trends. Extrapolating pre-lockdown growth rate trends, we provide estimates of the death toll in the absence of any lockdown policies, and show that these strategies might not have saved any life in western Europe. We also show that neighboring countries applying less restrictive social distancing measures (as opposed to police-enforced home containment) experience a very similar time evolution of the epidemic.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-05-01", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.04.24.20078717", "Rel_score": "-0.0009391664643771946" }, { "Doc_id": "uwix8ftr", "Title": "Evaluation of Turkish social distancing measures on the spread of COVID-19", "Abstract": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) affecting across the globe. The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey. We estimate the model parameters from the Johns Hopkins University (2020) epidemic data between 15th March and 16th April 2020. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "C" } ] }, { "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "N" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-05-04", "DOI": "10.1101/2020.04.28.20083550", "Rel_score": "-0.0009445258183404803" }, { "Doc_id": "hzpbujye", "Title": "Quantifying what could have been the impact of the Australian and New Zealand governments response to COVID-19", "Abstract": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus. Bayesian structural time series model provide a model to quantify the scenario in which these government-level interventions were not placed. Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "young and healthy people are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching a virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "C" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Infect Dis Health", "pmcid": "PMC7250769", "pubmed_id": "32507662", "publish_time": "2020-05-27", "DOI": "10.1016/j.idh.2020.05.003", "Rel_score": "-0.0009828743059188128" }, { "Doc_id": "xjr582j3", "Title": "Quantifying what could have been - The impact of the Australian and New Zealand governments' response to COVID-19", "Abstract": "BACKGROUND: The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus. METHODS: Bayesian structural time series model provide a model to quantify the scenario in which these government-level interventions were not placed. Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. CONCLUSION: This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "Infect. Dis. Health", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.000987756997346878" }, { "Doc_id": "ts3ra09u", "Title": "Centralized and decentralized isolation strategies and their impact on the COVID-19 pandemic dynamics", "Abstract": "The infectious diseases are spreading due to human interactions enabled by various social networks. Therefore, when a new pathogen such as SARS-CoV-2 causes an outbreak, the non-pharmaceutical isolation strategies (e.g., social distancing) are the only possible response to disrupt its spreading. To this end, we introduce the new epidemic model (SICARS) and compare the centralized (C), decentralized (D), and combined (C+D) social distancing strategies, and analyze their efficiency to control the dynamics of COVID-19 on heterogeneous complex networks. Our analysis shows that the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading. The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values. Our results also indicate that stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy. Finally, we study the impact of proactive versus reactive isolation strategies, as well as their delayed enforcement. We find that the reactive response to the pandemic is less efficient, and delaying the adoption of isolation measures by over one month (since the outbreak onset in a region) can have alarming effects; thus, our study contributes to an understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic both in space and time. We believe our investigations have a high social relevance as they provide insights into understanding how different degrees of social distancing can reduce the peak infection ratio substantially; this can make the COVID-19 pandemic easier to understand and control over an extended period of time.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] }, { "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "C" } ] }, { "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "C" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "S" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "N" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "C" } ] }, { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "coronaviruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Self-quarantine requires the individual to restrict movement and to stay away from others throughout the incubation period- which, as we mentioned before, is up to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In addtion to social distancing, do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "label": "" }, { "claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "label": "" }, { "claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "label": "" } ] } ], "Journal": "", "pmcid": "", "pubmed_id": "", "publish_time": "2020-04-08", "DOI": "", "Rel_score": "-0.00099323526956141" }, { "Doc_id": "c7l88gjn", "Title": "Psychological Outcomes Associated with Stay-at-Home Orders and the Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Daily Life", "Abstract": "The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the widespread implementation of extraordinary physical distancing interventions (e.g., stay-at-home orders) to slow the spread of the virus. Although vital, these interventions may be socially and economically disruptive, contributing to adverse psychological outcomes. This study examined relations of both stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life to psychological outcomes (depression, health anxiety, financial worry, social support, and loneliness) in a nationwide U.S. community adult sample (N = 500; 47% women, mean age = 40). Participants completed questionnaires assessing psychological outcomes, stay-at-home order status, and COVID-19s impact on their daily life. Being under a stay-at-home order was associated with greater health anxiety, financial worry, and loneliness. Moreover, the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life was positively associated with health anxiety, financial worry, and social support, but negatively associated with loneliness. Findings highlight the importance of social connection to mitigate negative psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Sentences_claims": [ { "Evidence": "", "Claims": [ { "claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "label": "" }, { "claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "label": "" }, { "claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "label": "" }, { "claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "label": "" }, { "claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "label": "" }, { "claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're